What are the Mechanisms of Transmembrane?

pharmacy

Mechanisms of transmembrane signaling are the following EXCEPT:

a) Transmembrane receptors that bind and stimulate a protein tyrosine kinase

b) Gene replacement by the introduction of a therapeutic gene to correct a genetic effect

c) Ligand-gated ion channels that can be induced to open or close by binding a ligand

d) Transmembrane receptor protein that stimulates a GTP-binding signal transducer protein (G-protein) which in turn generates an intracellular second messenger