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How Liquid Are You?

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In 1964 I got my first job as a pharmacist and, soon after, secured a residential accommodation in Surulere area of Lagos Mainland. I lived there for a year before moving out. One thing that makes me to remember that period was my neighbour, a young economics graduate, Jim Olisakwe, from the University College Ibadan (now University of Ibadan).  As a company pharmacist, I started well with a good salary and 404 Peugeot car. On the other hand, Jim was living from hand to mouth but he was always cheerful and pleasant, and fond of telling stories. However, usually towards the end of the month his mood changed. On many occasions, he would come to me and ask,” Pharmacist, how liquid are you? I just need a few shillings to keep me going till next week.”  He asked how liquid I was virtually every month. Of course, I obliged him, as he never failed to return the loan as soon as he got his salary.

The state of being liquid or liquidity is a critical issue in business. With all the assets available, if the cash flow is negative, the business cannot perform well. Cash or whatever can be easily converted to cash is vital for business operation.  Any business, therefore, must be asking itself the question Jim asked me: “How liquid are we?”

In the body, the basic liquid is water.  Beverages, alcohol, soft drinks etc are liquids but clean water is the universal solvent which the body needs and without which it will not function well. The body is made up of about 70 – 75% water. The brain is 90% water, blood 83%, muscle 75% and bone 22% water. Reducing water in the body to as little as 5% can result in as much as 20 -30% drop in physical performance. 10% reduction can make you sick and 20% can result in death.  That is why “dry fasting” could be fatal, if prolonged. All the cells of the body need water to perform their functions. Water is absolutely essential for survival.

By eating raw fruits and vegetables, we can supplement our water intake. Fruits contain about 88 % water, while vegetables contain less. Eating raw fruits and vegetables makes the body to need less drinking water. Cooked food does not contain enough water to make it digestible. While eating cooked food, you drink water to aid digestion. But this water also dilutes the first-stage digestive juices thereby causing incomplete digestion. Therefore, it is better to rehydrate the body with fruits and vegetables throughout the day and sipping water and live juices.

It has been demonstrated that lack of adequate water in the body is implicated in many health problems. For example, if you do not supply enough water to the body, your brain cannot function well, and you may have headache or migraine. Harmful effects of dehydration include tiredness, constipation, muscle cramps, irregular blood pressure, kidney problems, dry skin etc.

Thirst is the obvious sign that you're already dehydrated. Please do not wait until you are thirsty before sipping some water. If you're thirsty, you are already dehydrated. Some people mistake hunger for indication to eat food whereas the problem is actually dehydration. Avoid fatigue by taking about 8 glasses of water a day. This will boost your energy.

If you need to lose weight, water will help you since it reduces your appetite and has zero calories. With adequate supply of water to your brain, you think better, become more alert and concentrated in your work. Water is the best moisturiser for your skin, increasing skin elasticity, helping to replenish skin tissues thereby making you look younger. Generally, you are less likely to get sick when the proper balance of water is maintained in the body. Studies have shown that drinking a healthy amount of water may reduce the risks of bladder and colon cancer. How liquid are you?

Loss of fluid in the body is more serious in infants and small children resulting from not drinking, vomiting, diarrhoea or combination of these conditions. The elderly need to drink more water. In the elderly thirst diminishes and a person is not likely to drink enough water. Health conditions like hypertension, circulation disorders, kidney stones, arthritis, indigestion, constipation etc found in the elderly are directly or indirectly associated with inadequate water intake.

From the foregoing, it is obvious that there cannot be life without water.  The body needs water while the soul needs the living water. Jesus told the Samaritan woman at the well, “Anyone who drinks this water will soon become thirsty again. But those who drink the water I give will never be thirsty again. It becomes a fresh, bubbling spring within them, giving them eternal life” (John 4:13).  This refers to the living water, Jesus, who gives eternal life to those who believe in Him. Only the living Word, Jesus Christ, and the written Word, the Bible, can satisfy thirsty souls. Jesus says, “If any man thirst, let him come unto me, and drink” (John 7:37).

NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS AND THE NIGERIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

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By Pharm. Nelson Okwonna

 Developing nations with unique features like large market size and growth rate, access to regional markets and skilled/cheap labour, have a lot to offer. Asides serving as consumer nations and probably manufacturing centres due to the relatively cheaperlabour, the earnings of these nations would be greatly increased when they begin to add a relatively cheaper  not only mass-produce but to also add a certain level of originality to their products.

 

For such nations, their global competitiveness can be greatly increased when it is difficult to find alternatives for their products without violating proprietary rights. In the Nigerian pharmaceutical industry, finding originality would be the next step after achieving an effective manufacturing capacity and the firms that would solve this riddle would be the kings of the future. This has been amply demonstrated in the Indian pharmaceutical industry.

 

Innovation, however, do not just come about. According to the founder of modern management, Peter F. Drucker, it is a product of a cold-eyed commitment to the source of innovation; it demands deliberate inquiry and organisation.

 

The term “National Innovation Systems” is used to describe the set of complex processes of interactions between private and public actor-institutions that are involved in the development, transmission, modification and commercialisation of new knowledge and technology within a nation. It is a process-based concept that seeks to evaluate the innovative capacity of a nation from the standpoint of the processes that lead to innovation.

 

The Innovation system approach is a deviation from the linear approach that evaluates inputs rather than processes. Before the concept of National Innovation Systems became common, a Nation like Nigeria could assess her commitment to developing new technologies and enterprise by measuring the amount of funds committed to research and development, the number of publications from her academic institution, and also by the amount and ease of access to R and D funding by the Industry.

 

The linear approach assumes that as long as researchers engage in research activities and government provide the right incentivesthat someday, the spark would happen.

This has not been found to be true; experience has shown that the level of interaction between the actors plays a more important part.

 

It is observed that certain localities happen to have a relatively higher level of innovative capacity. In these regions, nations or parts of a nation, the amount of inputs and the degree of interaction required for innovation to happen has been achieved and sustained. This is seen in the notable trend towards the creation ofspecialised knowledge centresnear leading universities that are oriented towardsresearch and development on particular technologies.

 

The Silicon Valley in California (near Stanford University and theUniversity of California), a biotechnology cluster in the Boston area (near theMassachusetts Institute of Technology) and a communications cluster in NewJersey (near Princeton University and the former Bell Laboratories) are examples of such innovation-clusters in the United States.

 

Thequantity and quality of interaction between Actor-institutions could be evaluated along these lines:

 

  1. Interactions among enterprises, primarily joint research activities and other technical collaborations.

 

  1. Interactions among enterprises, universities and public research institutes, including joint research, co-patenting, co-publications and more informal linkages.

 

  1. Diffusion of knowledge and technology to enterprises, including industry adoption rates for new technologies and diffusion through machinery and equipment; and

 

  1. Personnel mobility, focusing on the movement of technical personnel within and between the public and private sectors.

 

It has been shown that high levels of technical collaboration, technology diffusion and personnel mobility contribute to the improved innovative capacity of enterprises in terms of products, patents and productivity.

 

Within the Nigerian Pharmaceutical Industry, the actor-institutions include the pharmaceutical companies, academia, public pharmaceutical research institutions, clinical research centres, technology transfer offices, government, financial institutions, media, and knowledge management consultancy firms.

 

From my experience in the knowledge management Industry, these actor-institutions have achieved a certain level of development sufficient to be active participants in sustainable innovative frameworks. The missing link is the deliberate commitment to processes that ensure sufficient and effective interactions. This will demand conscious steps to remove the traditional barriers that impede this interactions.

 

These interactions could be in the form of industry-sponsored research collaborations, contracts, research industry forums and technology prizes initiated by Industry. They could be initiated by either the private or public sector provided that there is sufficient ownership across board.

 

Given the relatively divergent thought frames that prevail within Industry and pharmaceutical research institutions and the myriad of other concerns that relate to intellectual property management, actor-institutions that promote thisinteraction would have a great role to play in achieving a sustainable innovation system within the Nigerian pharmaceutical sector.

 

Fig. 1 Schematic Representation of National Innovation Systems

 

As shown above, at the heart of the National Innovation system is the innovative firm which must find within the myriad of actors, processes and strategies that would result in the profitable development of new products and services. The role of the government would be to stimulate greater inputs across the participating actor-institutions and reduce barriers to interaction.

 

The Nigerian Science, Technology and Innovation Policy document that was released of late has these words as the statement of commitment from the president, Goodluck Ebele Jonathan.

 

”We are going to run our economy based on Science and Technology….because there is nowhere in this World now that you can move your economy without science and technology. For the next 4 years we will emphasize so much on S&T because we have no choice, without that we are just dreaming….”

 

The President was right; towing the path of innovation is no longer the characteristic high sounding ideals of beady eyed researchers or is it restricted to corporate vision statements hung on the wall to massage the ego of executives and perhaps impress shareholders. Driving innovation in today’s global knowledge economy is basically a question of survival.

 

For the Nigerian pharmaceutical Industry, it could decide who would be here ten years from now.

 

References

  1. Drucker, P.F. (2003). The Discipline of Innovation. In Best of HBR, The Innovative Enterprise, Harvard Business Review, EBSCO Publishing.
  2. Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2011. Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy, September, 2011.
  3. Okwonna, N. 2012. The Heart and Art of Innovation, Onel Media Services, Lagos, Nigeria
  4. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation And Development. 1996.National Innovation Systems, 1996.

BOOST YOUR ENERGY NATURALLY

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Do you sometimes reflect on what makes people feel good and use their talents to produce outstanding results? What makes your body perform with efficiency? My answer is simply energy. I love watching preachers on television. I organise training programmes and usually observe speakers and assess their energy levels. The higher the energy level, the more efficient the body. I used to have one consultant in our programmes, until he moved out of Lagos. Participants always evaluated him high, in terms of quality of presentation and the value derived from his subject. One distinguishing factor in his favour was his energy and vibrancy.

Energy is evidence of good health. Of course, everyone loves to be vibrant and healthy. In order to enjoy a vibrant health, there is need to understand a bit how your body works. You need to respect it; take good care of it and it will take care of you, as long as you live. God has created the body as a complicated system, and human body scientists are working conscientiously to unravel its secrets.  King David says in Psalm 139: 14, “I am fearfully and wonderfully made.” I believe that God made the body very complicated so that the maintenance will be easy. Each time I am coming out of the aircraft, I take a glimpse of the cockpit from where the pilots operate. Of course, those pilots need not be electronic engineers but they have learnt which buttons to touch at a particular time to control the movements of the aircraft. They are not concerned with the complicated systems.  It is not their business to fully understand how they work. They are concerned only with their effects. In the same way, we need to know and do some simple things to keep our God-given complex body functioning.

The commonest thing we do is breathing. It is the simple and the most important. In the account of the creation of man, as recorded in Genesis 2:7, “The Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.”   Breathing makes the difference between life and death.  Life begins when we inhale our first breath and ends when we exhale our last breath. It is the alpha and omega of life.

It has been said that we can live for weeks without food, and only days without water, but only minutes without air. We breathe more than 20,000 times in a day.

Breathing is a way to supply oxygen and nutrients to all the cells of the body. This   makes for a healthy bloodstream, which assures a long and healthy life. Breathing not only controls oxygenation of the cells; it controls the lymphatic system, which contains white blood cells that protect the body. The lymph fluid removes dead cells, blood proteins, and other toxic materials and poisons from the capillaries.  The cells of the body depend on the lymphatic system, as the only way to drain off the large toxic materials and excess fluid. If the lymphatic system stops functioning for some hours, the excess fluid and trapped blood proteins around the cells will accumulate and may cause death. The simple button to get this complicated system working is breathing.

Breathing extends its effects to the workings of the heart and lungs, as well as to subtle molecular processes, through which the body’s energy production is maintained. The tissues and organs of the body are composed of cells which must function in order to keep us alive. The nutrients supplied by the food we eat act as a fuel, but it must be converted into a form that these cells can use or we would die. Energy is produced through a process of combustion when oxygen combines with a fuel. This process takes place in the mitochondria of cells. The nose, trachea, lungs, circulatory system and attending muscles all act to transport oxygen from the air we breathe to make it available to the cells. Energy production within the body could potentially be altered, should any of these organs not function properly. Insufficient supply of oxygen to meet the body’s energy demands will result in a reduction of cellular functioning or even death.

The critical question is: do you know how to breathe correctly?  Dr.  Andrew Well of the Harvard Medical School said, “If I had to limit my advice on healthy living to just one tip, it would be simply to learn how to breathe correctly.” Improper breathing is a common cause of ill- health.  The simple procedure for breathing is as follows: 1. Breathe into your diaphragm (not shallow “chest” breathing.) 2. Inhale through the nose. 3. Exhale through the mouth. 4. Take longer to exhale than to inhale. 5. Slow down (reduce your breaths per minute). 6. Practise until it becomes your natural breathing pattern.

 

According to Carol Krucoff, “Slow, deep breathing is a powerful anti-stress technique. When you bring air down into the lower portion of the lungs, where the oxygen exchange is most efficient, heart rate slows, blood pressure decreases, muscles relax, anxiety ceases and the mind calms.” Breathing deeply and slowly will relax you, while instantly sending powerful doses of oxygen to the brain and other cells of the body.

Dr. Steiner suggests that anytime you are tired or fatigued, stop. Take 10 slow, deep breaths that go to the pit or bottom of your stomach.  This extends the lungs beyond the rib cage, filling the larger portions of the lungs. When lungs are filled fully, more oxygen is available to the body.  There is no single more powerful or simpler daily practice to improve your health and well-being than breathing correctly.

A TALE OF 2 PHARMACISTS

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 In recent weeks, the media has been awash with the news of the celebrated murder of Cynthia Osokogu, a business woman as well as a postgraduate student of Nasarawa State University. The story can best be described as a one week, one trouble story as every week, we have a new twist to the tale. The saga started late July 2012 when Cynthia was declared missing after leaving her base for Lagos. Shortly after, her dead body was discovered at a morgue and it was said that she was killed in a hotel. Once the news hit the airwaves, social media was awash with story of all colours and variations. Even before any evidence was gotten, the social media jury concluded that Cynthia was a ‘runs babe’. Weeks later, the wonderful Nigerian police came up with the suspects of the murder. It was at this point the mood in the social media changed from vindictive to apologetic. This went on till the news broke that undercover police had gone out to try and purchase the drug that was used to “knock Cynthia off” and that they succeeded. Before we could say jack robinson, 2 pharmacists were arrested and shortly after they were charged for murder.

This took the whole pharmaceutical community by storm. Unfortunately, once the news broke that pharmacists were arrested, the social media was once again awash with post and commentaries, especially on pharmaceutical fora on the social media platform. Even though I am a part of one of the most patronised pharmaceuticals online for advice, I deliberately refused to raise the issue because I fully understood the power of the social media. The information could very easily be twisted and it could jeopardise the case at hand. When eventually the case was charged to court, I carefully read through the charges and argued with anyone who cared to listen that no pharmacist was charged based on what I read in the papers. However, peculiar case of delusion of the grandeur was immediately put off when I got a call from a young pharmacist friend of mine, who said he was calling from Ikoyi prison where the guys were. It was at that point I knew this was serious. He told me a number of them were there and that the guys had been abandoned there. That the PSN and their employers had abandoned them there to sort themselves out.  With very little facts at my disposal, all I could tell them at that point was simply that, to the best of my knowledge, the owner of the business, Pharm. Ike Ugwu was a very respectable Pharmacist and would not have sat back and watched his staff suffer unjustly. I promised to call them back when I had more details. I then called a senior colleague who practiced in Festac and she gave a full low down. This was in turn related to the guys in the prison because the young pharmacist that called was expecting me, a coordinator of young pharmacists forum, to come up with an action plan, to rescue these pharmacists currently in incarceration. The PSN followed shortly with a press conference and sent the text to pharmacists.  I want to commend most sincerely the work of the PSN under the leadership of Pharm Azubuike Okwor. They have risen to the occasion. Even though I haven’t discussed this case with him personally, I believe he would have established contact with the office of the Director of Public Prosecution of Lagos State, with the aim to amend the charges against these young pharmacists. On my part, I immediately pushed out the press release on the several online platforms I associate with but most importantly, I forwarded them to the very popular blogs I visit so that the message leaves the confines of pharmacy into the court of public opinion. This has worked well thus far.  Very unfortunately, murder is not a bailable offence, therefore the pharmacists will remain in incarceration till the case, which is for hearing again in October, is heard, the charges amended and the pharmacists can then apply for bail.

In midst of all this a lot has been said and done. Unfortunately, more has been said than done. This case needs to be handled with the seriousness it deserves, however it needs to be handled delicately. Doctors and charlatans can hijack this to rubbish pharmacists and make a case for themselves. However, it is also an opportunity for us as pharmacists to sanitise our practice. Before this issue came up, we have had a lingering issue with formulations containing codeine. This is the time to also lay that issue to rest. Or else policemen will begin to visit pharmacies undercover, looking for who to feast on.

In the midst of all this we should look at the bright side and make the pharmacy profession one to be proud of. For starters, let’s meet at NECA house on the 18th of October as we discuss ways of growing the retail pharmacy sector of our profession. For more information call Oreoluwa (Project Coordinator) on 07031016725. You don’t want to miss this opportunity to shyne!!

 

The Headmaster’s Rod

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Last Christmas season, I was at home chatting with friends who happened to be my mates in the primary school in the fifties. Somehow, our discussion drifted to our teachers and their relationships with students. In those days, teachers were highly respected and feared. When the issue of corporal punishment came up, one of them removed his shirt to show us the scars on his back left by the headmaster's cane. He came very late to school that day and the headmaster seriously flogged him and inflicted the injury. The headmaster was fond of saying that he would not spare the rod to spoil any child. His belief was that if you don't punish your children when they do wrong, you will spoil them. The cane was an instrument of punishment. In the African cultural society, the use of physical punishment is acceptable. Corporal punishment is, however, associated with psychological trauma and abuse. In fact, there is a thin line of difference between abuse and punishment.

Recently, I read in the dailies that a woman flogged and beat her stepson until the boy collapsed and died. According to the woman, the boy was fond of stealing her money. This time, he stole N50. The boy lost his life because of N50. What a tragedy.

Our prisons used to be a place of punishment. I thank God that things are changing now. They are becoming places of correction. Efforts are being made to transform and make the inmates better citizens. A good number of them are being born again in the prisons. They are taught trades and vocations to help them earn a living at the end of their sentences.

This idea of the rod as an instrument of punishment might have been derived from the adage which says, “Spare the rod, and spoil the child.” This has encouraged the use of tools that may leave bruises and cause negative association with punishment. Proverbs 13:24 says, “He who withholds his rod hates his son, but he who loves him disciplines him.” Here, the purpose of the rod is discipline and the purpose of discipline should be to correct and not to punish. “My child, don’t reject the Lord's discipline, and don't be upset when he corrects you. For the Lord corrects a child in whom he delights” (Proverbs 3:11-12). God intervenes in our lives because He loves us not because He is angry with us. His discipline follows a divine design that is calculated not merely to punish our wrongdoing, but to promote our spiritual growth and maturity.

Sometimes we interpret God's discipline as punishment. Of course, discipline brings pain but it is not punishment. For instance, I have a garden in my compound and occasionally the gardener trims the flowers so that they do not overgrow. After trimming, new and beautiful leaves and flowers are produced. Any garden that is not cared for will grow wild and turn into a bush after a long time.  John's gospel, chapter 15 verse 2 says, “He prunes the branches that bear fruit so they will produce even more.”

God's power passes into this common instrument, just as the “rod” of Moses became the might of God. It became a devouring serpent and swallowed up the rods of the magicians. The same stick became the instrument in the hand of Moses by which God rolled back the waters of the Red Sea and delivered the Israelites. By this rod, streams of water flowed in the dessert.

The rod of the shepherd is specifically designed for sheep and professional shepherds use it for care and management of the sheep. The staff is used for supporting the body. Spiritually, it is God's support to hold up and protect someone. The rod is a defence against danger. It is a symbol of the concern and compassion that a shepherd has for his sheep. It is also a symbol of authority and power. The rod and staff are universal instruments used by shepherds.

Shepherds use the rod to guide and direct the sheep along the path they are expected to take. They use the rod to lead them to where they can graze or drink water. If they try to eat grass that may be poisonous, the rod is used to keep them away.

In Psalms 23 verse 4b David says, “Thy rod and Thy staff they comfort me.” Comfort here stands for protection, peace, preservation, strength and assurance in the hard places and times of life. If we are left to our own strength and wisdom, we would be overcome and destroyed. There is no place of safety, except in the Shepherd’s care.

 

The shepherd's rod is a spiritual parallel to the Word of God. It is a symbol of the shepherd's strength, his power and authority. It is used to discipline and correct wayward sheep that wander off.  It is used for effective control of the sheep; to examine and count the sheep and also as an instrument of protection for the shepherd and his sheep, when in danger of an attack. We use the Word of God to counter the attacks and assaults of Satan.

The Word of God is absolute truth and full authority over our lives. It is the extension of God's mind, will and intentions to us. It keeps our lives from confusion and chaos and brings peace and serenity. When we stray away, God uses His Word as a tool to correct, reprove and discipline us. “All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness” (2 Tim.3:16).

 

A CLOSER LOOK AT PATENTS

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Admin
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By Pharm. Nelson Okwonna

The recent Samsung-Apple saga has given us ample opportunity to discuss and reflect on the roles of intellectual property, in an increasingly knowledge-dependent economy. We are getting more familiar with the word “patents”. Though patents and other intellectual property have played very important roles in the development of global economies, in many parts of Africa, they are still not very much understood.

Our academic curriculum, somehow, is deficient in the aspect of knowledge management and this is very worrisome. It is worrisome because it is difficult to drive sustainable development in a global economy, without a proper understanding and application of intellectual property protection and commercialisation.It is quite laudable that a good education should equip us to perform specific defined functions; however, it is more laudable when education empowers us to create.

For every resource available to man, the application of knowledge is what would expand its value. We go to school to be taught, crude oil needs to be refined, sand has to be made to silicon, words can become codes and a couple of good ideas can give you an IPad. This application of knowledge to increase value is what patents seek to achieve. It thrives on the wheels of self-belief.  Those that engage in development endeavours must first believe in themselves, because protection of intellectual property requires that an individual possesses a certain body of knowledge which he values enough to protect his right to it.

 

 

DEFINITIONS

According to the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), intellectual property refers to creations of the mind. Intellectual Property Right (IPR) therefore, refers to property rights on the creations of the mind. IPR is generally divided into two main categories – industrial property and copyright.

 

Industrial property refers to patents for inventions, trademarks, geographical indications and industrial designs. Copyright, on the other hand, includes literary and artistic works, musical works, novels, poems, plays, films, drawings, paintings, photographs, sculptures, computer software, databases, and architectural designs.

 

We shall focus more on patents; a patent is a contract between the government and an inventor. In exchange for the disclosure of the invention, the government grants the inventor exclusivity, regarding the invention, for a specified amount of time. The normal time duration is between 14 and 20 years.Patent protection means an invention cannot be commercially made, used, distributed or sold without the patent owner’s consent.

 

To be patentable, the invention must satisfy basic requirements. These are:

 

  • Novelty – The invention must be new and not known in the body of existing knowledge.  This body of existing knowledge is called the “prior art”.
  • Inventiveness – It must show an inventive step and be non-obvious to an ordinary person skilled in the field of knowledge,  and
  • Industrial applicability – It must be capable of industrial application (usefulness).

In addition, the subject matter of the patent must be accepted as “patentable” under law.

In many countries, scientific theories, mathematical methods, plant or animal varieties, discoveries of natural substances, commercial methods or methods of medical treatment (as opposed to medical products) are not generally patentable.

NIPRISAN™

A case study of this is with the patent for NIPRISAN™.NIPRISAN™ is a herbal formulation for the management of sickle-cell disease(SCD), developed by indigenous researchers at the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria. The patent for the formulation was filed on the 21st of January 1997 with the Office of the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, United States of America. The patent was approved in September 1998 with US Patent No. 5,800,819.

 

NIPRISAN, as claimed in the patent, is a herbal mixture extract, formulated from parts of four different indigenous plants (Piper guineenses seeds, Pterocarpus osun stem, Eugenia caryophylum fruit and Sorghum bicolor leaves) and an inorganic material mixed at specific ratios which has been shown to be safe and effective in the management of sickle cell disease, during a phase 1 and subsequent Phase 2 clinical trials.

 

The patent was filed for the process of formulating the preparation and not for the plants themselves as plants are not patentable by law.

 

FILING A PATENT

 

Patents are usually filed by patent lawyers, patent agents or patent consultants.  A typical patent application has to be filed with a patent office.  The fees charged by the patent office are usually not high. It is also normal to pay slightly more for the lawyer or agent who drafts the patent application. A maintenance fee is also paid at designated times within the life course of the patent; the same applies for trademarks.

 

In Nigeria, an application for patent is typically filed with the Registry of Trademarks, Patents and Designs, Federal Ministry of Trade and Investment.  Once the application meets the formality set forth by statute, a patent certificate is issued in due course to the inventor or assignee.  As noted above, an application for patent protection can and may be prepared by attorneys or agents.

 

A patent application must contain a complete history and description of the invention as well as claims for its usefulness. In general, the application is divided into;

 

  • Title and Indication– this contains the background, novelty and indication of the technical field of invention.
  • Description of invention – detailed description of the invention with drawings if available. This will include engineering specifications, materials, components and any other process that are vital to the actual making of the invention.
  • Claims – this is the most important part of the application as it categorically states what the inventor is trying to patent. It is also the basis for determining infringements.

 

In Nigeria, patents are issued on a first-to-file basis and, when a patent is filed, an application number is given before approval. Once the application process is complete and filed, the status of the invention is subjected to the review and the applicant can assert a “patent pending” designation, implying that an application for patent protection has been filed on the subject invention. This status provides protection for the applicant until the application is approved or denied. On approval, a patent notice is published and is made available to the public for review.

 

The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) – with over 100 participating nation states – was established to allow patent filing in multiple countries to be made in one office rather than filing in each separate country. A patent that provides protection in a particular country can be transferred to a different nation upon application to the relevant body.

 

 

Protecting Temperature-Delicate Prescribed drugs Protected and Safe

By
Solomon Ojigbo
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UPS safeguards temperature-sensitive shipments with an end-to-end, international supply community.

Healthcare producers want to guard their merchandise and supply proof their merchandise had been compliant inside a sure temperature vary all through the transportation journey.

Temperature-sensitive delivery specialists Mark Davis and Susan Li talk about UPS's devoted healthcare providers and expertise that assist shield the standard and integrity of temperature-sensitive merchandise at each stage of the availability chain. Logistics is about getting the best product to the best place on the proper time in the best situation for the very best affected person final result.

supply

DSM Pharmaceuticals ‘Line 3’ capabilities video

By
Solomon Ojigbo
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3



This corporate capabilities video was created for DSM Pharmaceuticals, a leading contract pharmaceutical manufacturer of sterile, cytotoxic and lyophilized drugs, as well as schedule 2-5 controlled substances. The video highlights the capabilities of one of its sterile lines.

source

Pharmacists are lazy

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Admin
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If you are reading this piece because of the screaming headline, then I have achieved my aim. Let me release the first disclaimer: I am not saying pharmacists are lazy, all I wanted to do was to grab your attention, and if you are still reading then, you might as well finish what you started.

In the past few weeks, I have been travelling across the continent, facilitating service excellence sessions for retail pharmacists and their staff. In addition, I have been having exclusive sessions with retail pharmacy groups at the level of ACPN state and zonal chapters, leading them through the essence of understanding the business side of their practice. Even though what I teach seems basic and rudimentary, the response I get at all sessions is essentially the same. A feeling of shock and despair is what I get when the audience discovers they have actually been running their businesses at a loss. The reason is usually not farfetched. As Pharmacists, we are not sufficiently trained to be business people. As Michael Gerber, author of E-Myth Revisited aptly describes us: we are not entrepreneurs but simply professionals, suffering from an entrepreneurial seizure. We therefore find ourselves constantly working in our businesses rather than on our businesses. I make bold to say that retail pharmacists are probably the most hardworking sub set of the pharmacy profession; however they do not seem to be well remunerated at all. This is simply because the basic fundamentals of running a business are usually missing in their businesses.

I can confidently say that once these fundamentals are put in place, their businesses will soar to the skies. You may wonder why I have so much confidence in these businesses. Ask yourself: when last did you go to the hospital? When last did you go to the Pharmacy? People go to the Pharmacy at least 5 times more than they go to the hospital. This shows us that there is huge opportunity in the sector. While I won’t deny that there are challenges in this sector, I can also confirm there is great prosperity in this sector. So, when I look at retail pharmacists, I can beat my chest to say they are not lazy. However, I cannot say the same for players in the industrial sector. There have been repeated complaints in this sector, especially among the young and upcoming pharmacists. It is common knowledge that if you employ a pharmacist and a biological sciences graduate on the same day, giving them the same conditions of service and working tools, the non pharmacist would most likely outperform  the pharmacist. I have tried to do a root cause analysis of this issue, and I have found out that it is simply because a pharmacist always has job options.

Unfortunately, this intrinsic advantage of the pharmaceutical profession has suddenly become its biggest disadvantage. Young pharmacists no longer strive to put in their best, simply because they know they can easily get another job. Rather than leverage the freedom this brings, these pharmacists become nonchalant and lackadaisical in their attitude to work. When you combine this lackadaisical attitude displayed in the industry to the entrepreneurial seizure suffered in the retail sector, coupled with the chronic civil service mentality that pervades most hospital pharmacies, one is tempted to agree that pharmacists are lazy, but I beg to disagree vehemently. I have spoken to a number of pharmacists across the length and breadth of the country and I know most of them are ready to take up the challenge, if only they know how; hence the need to constantly build capacity. This capacity building approach should go beyond the classroom method employed at the MCPD. We should go further by beginning to target specific industry groups with the relevant information needed for their growth. Mentoring and coaching should be actively introduced to quickly up-skill colleagues for the challenges of modern day business. If we do this, things will surely change for the better.

Are you interested? Why not start by attending the 4th annual retail pharmacy business summit tagged PANEL 4, coming up on the 18th of October, 2012 at the NECA house in Alausa, Lagos. For reservations, text 08033379541. Join us as we shyne!

LIVING TO LEAVE A LEGACY

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During a job interview of some young graduates many years ago, I asked my usual question,“Why do you want to work in this company?” One of the applicants gave me an unexpected answer. He told me that his parents lived opposite my office when he was in the primary and secondary schools and he used to watch and admire the way I was working. The light in my office was always on in the night and he imagined that I was working alone after office hours. He was wondering whether I was a teacher preparing lessons. That childhood impression he had of me made him to become a serious student and helped him to perform   well in the university. He said he would love to work closely with that person he admired from a distance. Of course, that reason was just enough for meto employ him. He performed very well and later left for the US for further studies.  I did not know that someone was observing and learning something from my work habit. I planted a seed in him unknowingly. Thank God, it was a good seed that produced good fruits.

I entered the University of Ife in 1961 with the desire of being one of the first graduatesin pharmacyfrom a Nigerian university. My uncle and guardian, Dan Erinne, preferred Medicine but when he realised that Medicine was not my interest, he had no choice but to encourage me to study whatever I liked. I quote here an extract from his letter dated March 3, 1961. That was when I had completed my Higher School Certificate and was teaching in a school while waiting for university admission in September. He wrote: “… What I would have advised is Medicine as first choice. But if you definitely dislike it… Many young people, in choosing a profession, look for that which brings most wealth or the highest social status and they usually imagine that Medicine gives both. I hope you are aware that that is not my aim in recommending Medicine. As a matter of fact, I would strongly advise you not to place material wealth and social pomp in the forefront. Rather, you should pray to God to find you a profession in which you will be a good Christian and, if possible, one that you will enjoy, not for the money or position it brings but simply for its own sake…”This epistle written to me more than 50 years ago has remained in my heart and greatly influenced my life up to this moment. It was a legacy my uncle left for me.

What kind of legacy do you want to leave behind you for your family, friends, community and so on? Every life leaves a legacy. The question is what type? The truth is that right now your life is leaving a legacy. Your family and friends will be left with what you pass on to them. Proverbs 13:22 says, “A good man leaves an inheritance for his children’s children.” This inheritance could be wealth in several forms. But there is intangible inheritance that is more rewarding and lasting. I know of many cases of members of families fighting over their deceased father’s properties. Some of such cases are in courts today. Some families have fairly shared their inherited properties only to quickly fritter them away. Certain businesses inherited by children have collapsed as a result of mismanagement.

I know one particular family  that inherited nothing tangible from their grandfather but the children and grandchildren are today very educated and prominent in various professions and businesses. Their grandfather believed in education, integrity and honesty and left this legacy behind. The problem we have in the society today is that many of us spend most of our lives trying to accumulate material things to leave for the next generation and give no thought to the important and valuable things in life. That is why values and true riches of life are depreciating from generation to generation.When Martin Luther was asked what he would do if he knew he were going to die tomorrow, replied simply, “I’d go out and plant a tree.”In other words, leave behind him a legacy that would grow on and on into the future.

One of the miserable characters in the Bible was a man called Gehazi, the servant of Prophet Elisha. The story in 2Kings chapter 5 says that when Elisha rejected all the precious gifts offered by Army Commander Naaman, whom he healed of leprosy, Gahazi demonstrated his greed and dishonesty. He pursued the Commander and told him lies that his master later needed some of those gifts. Therefore, he secretly collected some gifts not realising that his master had a spiritual gift of the word of knowledge. In verse 27, Elisha cursed Gehazi: “Naaman’s leprosy will cling to you and your descendants forever.” The descendants of Gehazi were those born and unborn. What a legacy for his generation! From this story we learn that a bad father will leave a bad inheritance for his children.Today, wicked people still leave curses as an inheritance for their children.

 

Let me refer to a single action of a certain woman who had an eternal perspective. According to Matthew chapter 26, she poured a very expensive perfume on the head of Jesus as he was reclining at the table. The disciples were indignant at what they considered a colossal waste. But Jesus rebuked them and commended the woman. Jesus said, “I tell you the truth, wherever this gospel is preached throughout the world, what she has done will also be told, in memory of her.” This unnamed and unknown woman instantly left a legacy.

How are your thoughts? What do you think about? Apostle Paul has given us a clue in Philippians 4:8, “Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable – if anything is excellent or praiseworthy – think about such things.”  Thoughts are seeds you sow.

Understanding Responsible Partnership

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By Pharm. Okwonna Nelson

 

“We shall not cease from exploration and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time”.  T. S. Eliot

Research and development has “change” as its theme; a change driven by deliberate exploration – an exploration engaged by multiple parties who must find, within their limited resources and multiple interests, strategies to effect positive change in a mutually beneficial manner.

Today, innovation has become a highly prized “asset” and the future of organisations can be fairly predicted by their “innovation-capacity” rather than their “financial capacity”. Innovation however is far more deliberate than it first appears. Unlike the sudden flash of genius which “lay-people” would normally associate with creativity, innovation is hard work and demands both inspiration and perspiration, and always more of the latter.

In a recent debate on the Economist between Andrew Miller, Labour MP and Chair of the House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee, and Terence Kealey, the Vice Chancellor, University of Buckingham, the two gentlemen debated on the role of public finance in funding applied research in the light of recent government funding of research stimulated economic growth. The major controversy was on who should pick the bill for the cash outlay required for innovation – the government or the industry, and if there is really any difference between applied and basic research. The debate threw up some interesting questions, but the lesson for some of us from Africa was that the Brits understood that the processes required for innovation to happen could not be left to chance.

Like a chemical reaction, Innovation requires some raw materials to happen but catalysts are often required to reduce the barriers to change and ensure that useful outcomes emerge – outcomes whose demand must be sustained, so as to achieve a self-sustaining reaction.

Many American educational institutions have devised unique ways to partner with the industry, to contribute to positive change without reneging on their basic functions. For some of them, such partnerships have yielded tremendous financial benefits and job satisfaction for the researchers. The emergence of the venture capital industry has also helped to create the required cash-pool needed to drive research and development, by providing funding for spin-offs and start-ups, whose core capital is their innovation.

In the biomedical industry, these concerns are quite intense; the model for drug discovery is changing, “me too” products may no longer be commercially viable.  Major companies are looking for more innovation from outside their own laboratories. AstraZeneca are publicly stating that they expect to buy 40 per cent of their science externally in the future. Merck and Pfizer say their growth will be from small product deals or acquisition of smaller enterprises.

For industry, the major source for these innovations would be from spin-offs firms created by those in the academia, and from product development deals with research organisations.  In this environment, research scientists and institutions can and should be more involved in evaluating the business potential of their science, as well as generating the science itself. There will be, indeed, real opportunities for business development and scientific enterprise.

To achieve this partnership effectively, there is need for both parties to act “responsibly”. The term: “Responsible Partnering” in the context of this essay refers to an initiative designed to improve the effectiveness of collaborative research and knowledge exchange involving the public and the private sector. Implementing these principles depends on appropriate organisational strategies and professional management skills. The Responsible Partnering initiative was launched in 2004 by the European University Association, European Association of Research and Technology Organisations, European Industry Research Management Association and Proton Europe.

Within the African context, it should be borne in mind that collaborative partnership between research and industry will benefit everyone; when university research seeks to solve the problems of the industry and to create new products and markets, we will be richer and happier for it. When our local research is targeted at our local challenges and is eventually turned into local products and services, the locals will be better off.

Collaborative research demands that both parties (research and industry) sit down to agree on the questions to ask and then proceed to find the answers, the problem often times is that the research and industry are miles apart, both in mind and in body!

To understand these principles, we would need to agree with certain facts:

  1. Things have changed: universities and research industries are increasingly under more pressure to self-finance, and in many countries, the government and the tax payers are beginning to demand for justifications for the huge bill.
  2. Much more than ever, knowledge inputs have become the critical factor of production; smart industries demand greater inputs from the academia, as business has indeed taken an academic garb. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is essentially a smart industry – a knowledge-intensive industry.
  3. Innovation is the lifeblood of this modern day industry and for the most part, especially in Africa, this innovation is somewhere in the laboratory or on some dusty shelf!

There are two basic principles of responsible partnering:

  1. Maximise public benefit from public research: public money is invested in the creation of new knowledge and skills in public research institutions and universities, the benefit of these investments are seen only when this knowledge is disseminated and brought into productive use in the form of products and services.
  2. Responsible use of public research: this begins with the recognition by both research and industry that their success depends on other’s contributions, hence both are realistic about their contributions and the importance of sharing responsibility for commercialising research outputs.

Public institutions must come to the comprehension that there is a burden on them to ensure public benefit from public investments and see their role in contributing to the development of new products and services, together with industry.

Guidelines that turn these principles into action

  1. Treat collaboration strategically.
  2. Align interests: this includes resolving factors that could be barriers beforehand; factors like intellectual property and project management issues, and adequate compensations.
  3. Organise for lasting relationships: research collaborations which are more long term are preferred to research contracts which are influenced by different dynamics.
  4. Provide the right professional skills: this will include academic, legal and business management know-how.
  5. Establish clear intent.
  6. Use standard practices and communicate regularly.
  7. Achieve effective management of intellectual property.
  8. Provide relevant training.
  9. View innovation as a trans–disciplinary activity.
  10. Foster strong institutions.

More detailed explanation can be found in the main text from which this essay was gleaned: “Responsible Partnering, Joining Forces in a World of Open Innovation: Guidelines for Collaborative Research and Knowledge Transfer between Science and Industry” October 2009.

Examples of such partnerships with industry could be between industry and university hospitals for the conduct of clinical trials, partnership with pharmaceutical research faculties for MSc/PhD studentships and post-doctoral fellowships. Collaborative research could also be conducted between private or quasi private research firms and a much larger industrial player.

 

 

 

 

Formulation Growth in Freeze Dried Prescribed drugs

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Solomon Ojigbo
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View full webinar at: http://www.SPScientific.com/Formulation-Growth

This webinar will focus on the event of a steady freeze dried formulation by way of applicable choice of stabilizers and excipients.

supply

Managing health care research and development: How we can hit at cancer

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Health care personnel are often not aware of their participatory role in health care research and development. We are often content to leave such deliberations to our colleagues in the laboratories. With a population of over 140 million people, less than fifty thousand practising doctors and ten thousand practising pharmacists, Nigeria cannot afford this observatory posture.

The term “research and development” connotes a systemic inquiry geared at creating something of worth or of improving the value of something in existence. In health care, this something could be of a preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic or palliative nature. It also includes the development of reliable data that would help in the management of health.

Our failure at research and development is evidenced by our low input in the nature and manner of health care interventions employed in our unique settings. In cancer management, this negligence, though not surprising, is very worrisome.

As the second common cause of death in developed nations and among the third leading cause of death in developing countries, cancer deserves special attention. In Nigeria, the most common cancers are breast, cervical, prostate, colorectal, liver and childhood cancers.

Data from the six cancer registries in Nigeria (which by the way, are poorly funded and hospital-based) show an increase in the incidence of these cancers. One of our major limits is that we are yet to fully understand that health care research and management is a discipline by itself. This point is important because our university system has made it such that we must do health care research; the next step is to manage these efforts effectively.

Research management embraces anything that health care providers, research institutions and universities can do to maximise the impact of their research activity. It includes presenting research findings in a manner that its application is visible, assistance in identifying new sources of funding, the development of efficient frameworks for costing projects and negotiating contracts with external sponsors. It incorporates project management and financial control systems. It also involves help in exploiting research results – through commercialisation, knowledge exchange and dissemination to the wider society.

Though there are no perfect solutions to the problems of research management, this article however seeks to present some thoughts for consideration. These would be within the ambits of the following:

  • Attitude
  • World View
  • Capacity and
  • Frameworks

 

 

Attitude

 

It is easier to do nothing about Nigeria’s health challenges until one is affected personally. One need not have a relative with cancer to dedicate skills and time to research. One should not also believe that we can contribute nothing of significance.

 

It is in the opinion of this writer that the most beneficial medications in use in Nigeria today were developed with the same level of skill and technology that are currently at our disposal. Drugs like Metformin, Paracetamol, Sulfonylureas, Digoxin, Artemisinine, Quinine, Chloroquine and Sulphadoxine did not require the kind of ultra equipment that we are yet to have in Nigeria. Yet, these common medications are the main stay of therapy in Nigeria. Research has shown that newer generations of medications are not necessarily more effective than these old warriors.  The point is that we need not think that our inadequacies are sufficient to rob us of any capacity to make meaningful contributions, especially to cancer management. It is my personal submission that we have all it takes to make breakthrough findings in Nigeria.

 

It is such an attitude that would persevere against odds to seek models and strategic partnership for an effective output. Such attitude, it is believed, would drive collaboration and foster result-oriented research. This becomes even more important if we should consider that the most effective preventive and therapeutic medications for cancer were plant-derived.

 

 

 

World View

 

Central to a researcher’s theorem is his view of the world and his role in it. A world view that sees man as a product of chance and matter, or of soil and blood as the Nazis put it, as opposed to that of a created being, would propose different questions and expect different kinds of help. A researcher that believes in an Adamic mandate of rulership and dominion, and of the goodness of the Creator, should believe that the Creator has not kept the answers to the questions too far from man. The problem is that in Africa, we don’t carry our beliefs to the laboratory or even to work; unfortunately, the African believer has been made apathetic, rather than ardent by the things which he believes.

 

To drive an effective cancer management research and development initiative, we need to believe that the forces of good are in our favour and are ready to help us. We would need to also question some standard approaches, with respect to their coherence with that which we believe to be true.

 

Capacity

 

Like we mentioned earlier, the few health care professionals in Nigeria who are practising are so overwhelmed with work that few have the time or the wherewithal to design and implement an effective research strategy – considering that the rewards for such commitments are long in coming. The universities and other research institutions have therefore become the only hope for an intervention. These institutions, which are mainly public in nature, have also suffered from the same problems that have hoodwinked the Nigerian economy. The paucity of strategic vision and funding is such that these institutions have been unable to contribute much.

 

In a shrinking funding-market where everything is going private, health care personnel in private and public institutions who have the right attitude and world view must adopt certain frameworks to drive research management.

 

Frameworks

 

The first framework, I believe, is in the purposefulness of a research undertaking. The prevailing research for research’s sake cannot take us anywhere. Of course, there is need for basic research; but in Nigeria, what we have is mediocre. I have seen many research ventures that, though may have bogus “rationales” will make no meaningful contribution in practice, especially when compared to the opportunity cost of performing such. Take, for an example, a research to evaluate the effects of trace metals on the antimicrobial effect of chloramphenicol may sound quite nice, but in reality, it could be a mediocre effort to obtain a degree.

 

In practice, a post-primary clinical setting that does not inculcate a system of research and development is quite inadequate. My point is that health care providers must inculcate systems that allow them to ask certain questions, evaluate certain assumptions and contribute to the body of knowledge. A teaching hospital, for example, must create a robust knowledge building and sharing system that is both daring and ethical. We cannot afford to leave this onerous task to traditional research institutions alone. The private sector is more adept at finding and managing finance. She must rise to the challenge of cancer research and development. These would involve seeking and getting approvals for clinical trials; driving Public-Private Partnerships; soliciting to increase the willingness of hospital administrators to conduct clinical trials on herbal remedies; commitment of huge funds to research and development; and active collaboration between research and industry.

 

Nelson Okwonna (B.Pharm)

 

 

 

What is your USP?

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As pharmacy students in the then University of Ife, in the early sixties, we used to be proud of the voluminous reference books we carried about from hostels to lecture halls and laboratories (in white lab coats). These books prescribe standards for pharmaceutical preparations. The popular acronyms for the books are: BP (British Pharmacopoeia), BPC (British Pharmaceutical Codex), and USP (United States Pharmacopoeia). Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia was simply called Martindale. These books were the bibles of pharmacy students.

 

When I graduated and started working as a medical representative in 1964, my manager was still talking of USP during our sales meetings. Since I could not reconcile United States Pharmacopoeia with the sales topic, I had to ask the context it was used. He laughed and explained that USP meant Unique Selling Proposition. From that moment, the words unique and uniqueness stuck in my brain.

 

The sales or marketing manager must identify what makes his product unique in order to compete well in the market. A product is sold based on its unique features or properties. In the same way, the success or excellence of any person depends on his or her uniqueness. It is this uniqueness of ourselves that we must identify, develop and market. This is the special value we have to offer to other people. We cannot excel or stand out if we don't polish and develop this uniqueness. Indeed, it is our uniqueness that separates and distinguishes us from competition.

 

Individuals that devote attention to appreciating, developing and polishing their unique principles offer great value to others and the society. Successful individuals – political and spiritual leaders, scientists, industrialists, philosophers, artists and so on have left legacies as a result of appreciating and developing their uniqueness.

 

When I was thinking of writing my first book in 2004, my fear was that the book might not be accepted and appreciated by the readers. I was asking myself how I would ever produce a readable book like some popular authors. Eventually, I wrote the book from my own personal life experience and perspectives. The style of writing was personalised and the book became very interesting to the readers. If I had copied the popular authors I mightn't have impressed anyone. One of my friends remarked that if I had not disclosed my name in that book, he should have known that it was written by me. The book reflected my unique personality and therefore created a niche for itself. This encouraged me to continue writing one book every year since then. What gives me the confidence to write is that there is no other person who can claim to have my own experience. The experience of my own life is unique.

 

There are about 7billion people in the world today and the Creator has made each individual a unique person. Therefore, everyone is special. There is no common person, in God's eyes.

 

Proverbs 18:16 says, “A man's gift makes room for him and brings him before great men.” Individuals have been designed to be known by their gifts. It is your gift that will make a way for you in life.  Utilisation of this gift will give you real fulfillment, purpose, and contentment in your profession, career or work.

 

Copying or mimicking another person instead of being the person God created you to be is bad. This actually means rejection of your individuality, your uniqueness, your own gift and, hence, God's purpose for your life. You may not succeed or excel when you are a counterfeit of another person. No one has succeeded in having another person's fingerprints or face, even identical twins. Rather, you will encounter frustration. This is at the root of so much unhappiness, failures, sickness, crimes, premature deaths and even suicide which abound today. People abandon their God-given assignments, locations, professions, talents etc and try to fit into other people's lives. That type of life cannot bring true prosperity, joy and peace of mind.

 

In 1979 God asked me to start a pharmaceutical journal.He specified the size and contents of the journal. I obeyed and later discovered that Pharmanews was indeed a unique journal. I have attended many international conferences of pharmacists, pharmaceutical scientists, healthcare and science/health editors in many countries but I have not seen another Pharmanews in size and content. The uniqueness has placed it in a class of its own.

 

St. Matthew's gospel chapter 25 tells of a story of the master who invited his three servants and gave them five, two and one talent respectively to do business with as he travelled to a far country. He gave them the talents they could manage according to their abilities. He expected them to give account of their businesses on his return. Of course, he did not expect that the servant he gave only two talents would give account of five or one talent. God will not expect us to operate in the area He has not given us grace.  He does not give an assignment to someone without equipping him. That equipment is also a gift.

 

According to the statement credited to Socrates, you must know thyself. It is up to you to discover your own natural talents and gifts and make the best use of them. You must become conscious of your thoughts, likes and dislikes, prejudices, habits etc. Getting to know yourself is the greatest discovery you can ever make. Knowing yourself means respecting your values in life, your beliefs, your personality, your priorities, your moods, your relationships and your body. Knowing yourself means knowing your purpose in life. It is a conscious effort you must make because you were not born with that knowledge.

 

 

 

 

YOU ARE THE SALT OF THE EARTH

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When Jesus addressed His disciples as the “Salt of the earth”, He compared their function on the earth to that of salt. Today, all those who believe in Him are also the salt of the earth.  His comparison to salt shows how valuable and indispensable is the salt we use on daily basis.

Table salt comes from natural underground deposits while sea salt comes from ocean waters. Table salt contains iodine, a trace element the body requires for production of hormones in thyroid gland. Generally, sea salt and table salt contain the same amount of sodium.

Salt has two common uses.  It gives flavour. It makes food tasty and acceptable. Have you ever eaten soup that has every ingredient including fish and meat but has no salt in it? The person serving you such a meal cannot claim to be your true friend. People of God, who are the salt, make the earth acceptable to Him. Another function of salt in relation to food is to restrain the process of corruption. It is a preservative to hold decay or deterioration in check.

Salt is a wonderful and important element in keeping the proper mineral balance in practically all of the earth’s living creatures. Every cell in our body needs salt. Our bodies rely on salt to keep good bone density, proper circulation and stabilised blood sugar levels. Sodium in salt is actually necessary to regulate your blood pressure and blood volume as well as normal function of your nerves and muscles. Without salt, you won’t have blood pressure at all.

“But what good is salt if it has lost its flavour? Can you make it salty again? It will be thrown out and trampled underfoot as worthless.” Has salt any substitute? The Word of God says there is virtually no substitute to salt. If it is not salt, it is not salt. However, low-sodium table salt has been produced as alternatives to circumvent the risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease associated with high intake of sodium chloride. They usually contain potassium chloride whose toxicity is approximately equal to that of table salt in a healthy person. Potassium chloride tastes a lot like sodium chloride and is the main ingredient in reduced or no-salt substitutes. Various diseases and medicaments may decrease the body’s excretion of potassium thereby increasing the risk of potentially fatal hyperkalemia.

Salt substitutes are not a healthful option of sodium chloride. Potassium consumed in excess may be harmful to some people.  People with kidney problems are not able to rid their bodies of excessive potassium which could result in a deadly condition. If you have kidney problems or are on medication for your heart or liver, it is best to seek your doctor’s advice before taking a salt substitute.

Most salt substitutes contain sodium just less than the amounts in actual table salt. These products often contain a mix of sodium chloride and potassium chloride. If the product is labelled “sodium-free” then the main ingredient is potassium chloride with no sodium. The best option is to go completely “salt-free” instead of mimicking the taste of sodium with salt substitutes,

As a result of the flavour salt adds to food, people tend to consume too much of it. Therefore, salt becomes a deadly substance we cannot do without. It can kill you if love it. That is why you are advised to do away with table salt on your dining table. I used to visit a couple some years ago. That man loved salt even though he was obese, with high blood pressure and diabetes.  His wife, a nurse, knew the implications of his consumption of salt and was always quarrelling with him over adding salt to his food. He was a stubborn person and would order their housemaid to bring him salt from the kitchen. When the man died a few years ago, I did not need to see the autopsy to know what might have killed him. Excessive consumption of salt was likely at the root of the problem. Salt intake is directly correlated to blood pressure. High blood pressure is linked to strokes and heart disease.

Sodium occurs naturally in many foods, including vegetables and dairy products. Processed food contains a lot of sodium. As much as 75% of the salt in your diet comes from foods processed with salt.  Plantain,  meat, fish, akara and so on fried with salt are not good for you. Eating so-called foods with too much salt or adding additional salt to your food can aggravate kidney problems, and greatly increase water retention and cause oedema.

You may now ask, “What shall I do to be saved?” Salvation is your own personal decision. The first step is to control your appetite for those foods made tasty with salt. You can train and discipline your taste buds. I enjoy drinking fresh water extract of bitter leaf now. At first, it was really bitter and truly “medicine” but after a while it became a pleasant refreshing drink to me.

You can start experimenting with herbs and spices with wonderful flavours to add taste to your meals. Fresh garlic, or garlic powder, lemon juice, flavoured vinegar, nutmeg, cinnamon, fresh ground pepper and other salt-free herbs and spices are good health-promoting substitutes. By reducing your craving for salt, you can learn to appreciate new flavours. The good thing about these flavours is that there is growing evidence that they fight cancer, heart disease, diabetes and other chronic conditions.

 

 

 

 

Building the chain network of hospitals and pharmacies – By Pharm. Nelson Okwonna

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Admin
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It was Bonaparte that said: “Leaders are dealers in hope.” By “hope” he was referring to something not yet seen for which the leader tasks himself and his followers that they may perhaps attain. The not-yet-seen dimension of hope could be akin to innovation. It could be an idea of a new drug formulation, new medical device or a business strategy. The leader may not be the inventor of this new idea but he is the individual that perspires till this new idea becomes reality.

With this background, I hope you will understand my thoughts on the Nigerian retail health care industry. It is not necessarily an innovative thought but it is a leadership challenge. It is a challenge that has lived and died in the minds of many pharmacists, doctors and investors. The reason for these abortions, I believe, is for the failure of research and development to deliver the winning strategy. Research and development is not just what we do in the “laboratory”. The best laboratories are in the inner recesses of our minds and in the classrooms of everyday life. In it, many a professional have asked the question: “How can I develop a thriving retail pharmacy or hospital chain in Nigeria?”

Note that we are now researching, the thinking cap can now come out. Thank you.

The need for increased profitability and job satisfaction has made many owners of pharmaceutical premises to seek avenues of improving their reach. There is also the patient-benefit angle to this. Patients would benefit more from successful chain pharmacy or hospital services due to a level of standard of care that would be offered in those premises. With a standardised privately owned chain service provider, the service centres would enjoy an increased level of public confidence. The centre could also have a central patient information system that allows patient data to be accessed from different “service centres” of the same chain.The chain would also buy products at much reduced costs and this I believe would be the ultimate game-changer in the drug distribution system in Nigeria.

Regardless of the motivations to take on this path, however, the challenges are many.

Like I said, this is an idea that lives in my mind. It is not necessarily new. Leadership begs that it doesn’t die there. In a recent Pharmanews management workshop on “Effective Disease Management in Resource-Limited Settings”, Dr. Femi Olaleye proposed that chain pharmacies and hospitals are the solution to meeting Nigeria’s health care needs at the primary and secondary care levels. He proposed that these chains need not maintain an “egalitarian” posture but should rather have the capacity to meet basic needs at these levels of care. He was echoing my thoughts quite clearly.

His proposal begs for leadership. Leaders are saddled with the responsibility of finding “correct” solutions and disproving the greater majority who are avowed sceptics. So, how can this seemingly “doubtful” contraption of a chain pharmacy or hospital work in Nigeria?

One could say that the major reason the chain option has not worked in Nigeria is that the individuals that can make it work have something more profitable to do with their time and businessknowledge. If you have three premises, handling supplies and making a whole lot of money, why bother with many service outlets, pilferage, terrible staff and negative operating environment?

The maintenance cost of such a contraption is not necessarily the cost of petrol but the managerial cost; the headache may not be exactly worth it. The questions then, are:why and how can I create a profitable management system that assures accountability and control at the centre, yet with little complexities? I may not be able to answer the “why”; I will try the “how”.

The first solution is to recognise that the strength of the chain service system is in the chain. The brand must be invested in or it will rise and fall with the whims of the professional managing it. So, the first job of the leader is to create a system that is big enough that it is bigger than any individual. In other words, the chain should stand for something – niche service provision. A pharmacy chain, for example, has to stand for something. The strength of Walmart is in their pricing. You could borrow that.

In a service industry like ours, the professional manager is a knowledge worker and is essential for the smooth operation of the business. In such a system, when well-managed, the brand is strong enough that business doesn’t necessarily rise and fall with a change in the professional manager. Also, since a lot of funds would be required, investors would be a welcome idea. An effective strategy is one that factors all these interests in a win-win situation.

I am biased towards a management system that tinkers a bit with the traditional ownership structure. Considering that management need not bear all the cost of the operation if it can maintain control over the basic structure which is essentially the supply of professional labour, the brandmanagement and the supply of the products, then a modification of the franchise option becomes very viable.

A structure where the franchising firm is responsible for managing the professional labour and product supply, the franchisee is more or less an investor with a degree of management capacity, depending on the arrangement. In this system, the professional manager could get a degree of ownership either as equity (with time) or asa percentage of profit with well-defined exit strategies for both manager and investors. The franchisor seats back to promote the brand, manage the managers and find new investors for new outlets.

Within this framework I am trying to describe or something similar to it, I believe a leader can find the wisdom and strategy to drive this idea. He, like all leaders, must do a little work of indoctrination. He would have to re-educate himself, his managers and investors to make this happen. He would need to be believable, and need remove some of the frills that make the practice expensive to maintain.

Like every good idea (this is my sincere opinion of this), this idea can be found to be bad by experimentation.Remember, we are still in the laboratory. Hope you came with your lab coats?

Thanks.

Balkan Prescribed drugs

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Solomon Ojigbo
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Balkan Prescribed drugs

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Driving pharmaceutical research – Industry partnership (Pharm. Nelson Okwonna)

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

 The pharmaceutical industry, unlike other knowledge-intense industries, is continuously challenged to create new and better drug molecules and formulations that alleviate the sufferings of humanity. Malaria, for example poses a serious threat as new and effective molecules must be found before the parasites develop resistance to the available therapy.

The goal of pharmaceutical research is to achieve product and process innovation and to inculcate such innovations to the final product which is presented to a needy patient. From the industry perspective, this innovation is critical for retaining market share and hence, profitability. For research institutions like universities and biomedical research centres, the development of innovation should be the vocation, besides education.

Pharmaceutical research institutions in Nigeria, despite the challenges, perform an incredibly large amount of research, because of our very high population. Yet, most of these research projects are going nowhere. The problem is the deficiency of an intention to produce a product.

With increased need for funding, research institutions all over the world are increasingly embracing the private sector. In Nigeria, however, the requisite knowledge and skill set required for such research – industry partnerships are not yet common place. The skill set required from such a knowledge transfer officer is diverse and this is the major limit. The balance of academic, legal and business management capacity is most essential.

The process flow for such an effective partnership is as shown below:

  1. A.  Organisational Vision

Management of research institutions must make the attainment of such research industry partnership a part of the organisational goals. This should not be seen to contradict the primary goal of education in universities. Education in this sense must be made to be relevant, the model of education should be such that the knowledge developed from educational pursuits should be a solution material in the society. Once it is, and managed appropriately, it becomes raw material for Industry. The School of Pharmacy at University of Nigeria, Nsukka, for example produces more than a hundred pharmacy graduates yearly. When the academic research activities of these students and their teachers cannot be coordinated to present specific solutions then there is the gap of a strategic vision.

  1. B.  Design of the Regulatory Framework

The intellectual property provisions of some universities and research institutions, at present,  does not allow for the nature of the collaboration that it is suggested in this article. Management should articulate the needs of the research faculty and industry and fashion effective bridges that assures the interests of all parties. it is evident from the few success stories we have in Nigeria that promoting innovation and disseminating new knowledge can be compatible, provided that intellectual property issues are understood and managed professionally. Interaction on these points can be facilitated by tools such as the CREST decision tree, model contracts such as the UK’s Lambert agreements, or guidance such as the Danish document on contacts, contracts and codices. The Responsible Partnering Initiative, developed by 4 major European university and industry associations (EIRMA, EUA, PROTON, EARTO), presents key insights into how effective research collaboration can be created.

 

 

  1. C.  The Design and Development of a Research Industry Interface

In some institutions in Nigeria, this exists as the consultancy department manned by staff with both academic, legal and business backgrounds. The consultancy department’s role is to harness, coordinate and sell the products of the organisation. In research institutions, these products are applied knowledge. When integrated well with the strategic focus of the management and a proper understanding of the factors at play, a department like this can earn a lot of revenue for the institution and more importantly, the society is not deprived of the immense potentialities that exist.  The activities of such a department would include:

  • Establishing and maintaining databases of potential clients;
  • Making informal and prospective contacts with clients;
  • Producing lists of potential products for commercialisation;
  • Organising fairs, seminars and open doors;
  • Negotiating terms of contracts;
  • Providing support for the costing of products and services;
  • Follow-up of research with commercial potential;
  • Assessing economic viability of spin-off projects;
  • Establishing a network of potential venture capitalists;
  • Acting as a broker between the academic inventor, venture capitalists and interest firms, in the negotiation of terms of contracts.

 

Motivational Structure

The strategy for implementing research-industry partnerships should be such that provides both immediate and future benefits for the researcher. For the average researcher, such motivation must not only be financial when the products yield money but must also allow for job promotions.  At present, I am not aware of any institution that has effectively integrated this motivational structure in Nigeria. The pathway for commercializing products of research could be either of the below:

  1. Traditional Consultancy Service: One-off arrangements
  2. Licensing
  3. Spin-offs
  4. Joint Ventures

The design of the motivational structure should account for each of the pathway that could be taken for a particular product.

CONCLUSION

From my experience in the field of pharmaceutical research development, much more than ever, the challenges are easier to surmount. There exists a huge opportunity which we will do well to seize; the terrain could be tough and the rewards uncertain. Miracles may not happen but they sure would not when we don’t try.

 

Balkan Prescribed drugs

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Solomon Ojigbo
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Balkan Prescribed drugs

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Dwell Nicely Prescribed drugs – Earlier than and After Testimonial (Spanish)

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Solomon Ojigbo
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Dwell Nicely Prescribed drugs Panama

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Pharmaceutical Evaluation Workstation: Nicolet iS50 FT-IR spectrometer | Thermo Scientific

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Solomon Ojigbo
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Drug discovery, analytical companies, and spectroscopy labs within the pharmaceutical business demand productiveness. That is why the brand new Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50 FT-IR spectrometer—with its battery of built-in sampling stations that remove guide reconfiguration and time—is the final word prescribed drugs evaluation workstation.

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The need to “close the gap” on haemophilia in Nigeria By Olufemi Omotayo

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Tuesday 17th April, 2012, was observed globally as the World Haemophilia Day with the theme: “CLOSE THE GAP”. On that day, the Haemophilia Foundation of Nigeria (HFN) joined the international bleeding disorders community to observe the important occasion.

The theme was necessitated by the fact that the World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH), found out that, to date, out of 100 persons with bleeding disorders, only 25 per cent get access to right treatment. The remaining 75 per cent have limited or no access to treatment at all.

Nigeria falls among this category. Thus, the HFN calls on everyone to help spread the message.

“Join us as we spread the news by sticking one ‘CLOSE THE GAP’ sticker on your car, house, books, refrigerators etc., for a token donation of just N10,” the body stated in a statement.

“Each sticker reminds you of a child in the village, who is bleeding either from circumcision, fall, or tooth extraction. It also reminds you of a mother who is bleeding non-stop from child birth. Help us STOP THE BLEED today,” it concluded.

What, therefore, is haemophilia? According to the online resource, Wikipedia, haemophilia is a group of hereditary genetic disorders that impair the body's ability to control blood clotting or coagulation, which is used to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is broken.

The HFN describes haemophilia as an inherited bleeding disorder. “People with haemophilia do not bleed any faster than normal, but longer. This is because their blood does not have enough clotting factors. Clotting factors are proteins in blood that help control bleeding.”

Haemophilia lowers blood plasma clotting factor levels of the coagulation factors needed for a normal clotting process. Thus when a blood vessel is injured, a temporary scab does form, but the missing coagulation factors prevent fibrin formation, which is necessary to maintain the blood clot. A haemophiliac does not bleed more intensely than a person without it, but can bleed for a much longer time. In severe haemophiliacs even a minor injury can result in blood loss lasting days or weeks, or even never healing completely. In areas such as the brain or inside joints, this can be fatal or permanently debilitating.

Characteristic symptoms vary with severity. In general symptoms are internal or external bleeding episodes, which are called “bleeds”. Patients with more severe haemophilia suffer more severe and more frequent bleeds, while patients with mild haemophilia typically suffer more minor symptoms except after surgery or serious trauma. Moderate haemophiliacs have variable symptoms which manifest along a spectrum between severe and mild forms.

Prolonged bleeding and re-bleeding are the diagnostic symptoms of haemophilia. Internal bleeding is common in people with severe haemophilia and some individuals with moderate haemophilia. The most characteristic type of internal bleed is a joint bleed where blood enters into the joint spaces. This is most common with severe haemophiliacs and can occur spontaneously (without evident trauma). If not treated promptly, joint bleeds can lead to permanent joint damage and disfigurement. Bleeding into soft tissues such as muscles and subcutaneous tissues is less severe but can lead to damage and requires treatment.

Children with mild to moderate haemophilia may not have any signs or symptoms at birth especially if they do not undergo circumcision. Their first symptoms are often frequent and large bruises and haematomas from frequent bumps and falls as they learn to walk. Swelling and bruising from bleeding in the joints, soft tissue, and muscles may also occur. Children with mild haemophilia may not have noticeable symptoms for many years. Often, the first sign in very mild haemophiliacs is heavy bleeding from a dental procedure, an accident, or surgery. Females who are carriers usually have enough clotting factors from their one normal gene to prevent serious bleeding problems, though some may present as mild haemophiliacs.

Severe complications are much more common in severe and moderate haemophiliacs. Complications may be both directly from the disease or from its treatment:

Deep internal bleeding, e.g. deep-muscle bleeding, leading to swelling, numbness or pain of a limb.

Joint damage from haemarthrosis (haemophilic arthropathy), potentially with severe pain, disfigurement, and even destruction of the joint and development of debilitating arthritis.

Transfusion transmitted infection from blood transfusions that are given as treatment.

Adverse reactions to clotting factor treatment, including the development of an immune inhibitor which renders factor replacement less effective.

Intracranial haemorrhage is a serious medical emergency caused by the buildup of pressure inside the skull. It can cause disorientation, nausea, loss of consciousness, brain damage, and death.

The Nigerian Challenge

According to the HFN, about 70 per cent of boys born with haemophilia die before they are even diagnosed. This is because in a country where circumcision is both a religious and cultural belief many of these boys die at circumcision. The 30 per cent which do survive face a life of crippling pain and disability. It is almost impossible for a boy with a bleeding disorder in Nigeria to attain adolescent without a limb disability.

Prior to 2005 in Nigeria, the only available means of treatment had been whole blood, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate, all of which has the risk of blood borne diseases. From as early as a 15 day old, a boy started experiencing blood transfusion; and by the time he was 8 years old, he has had as many as 7 blood transfusions.

“The search for alternative treatment yielded results in 2004, when I met the WFH. I found out that there were genetically prepared anti-hemophilic concentrates which are safer. However, this too came with its own challenge; they are very expensive,” said Megan Adediran, HFN founder.

“A boy who weighs 30kg requires 450 IU (international unit), while and adult of 60kg requires 900 IU to treat a moderate bleed. With 300 IU costing around N91,000, it means the child needs about N140,000 while the adult N273,000 respectively per dose.

For a family with two sons weighing 45 kg and 23kg respectively; both with the severe form, it means such a family needs about N364,000 weekly to keep the boys alive. This is because a person with severe haemophilia bleeds at least once a week. How much must a parent earn to be able to cope? No parent in Nigeria can afford this.

In 2005, Nigeria's factor concentrate consumption stood at 0 i.u per capita; whereas the WFH and WHO's approved consumption rate is a minimum of 1 i.u per capita. HFN with the support of the WFH has in six years distributed for free factor concentrates worth over half a billion naira to persons across the nation. These donations moved our consumption rate to 0.002 i.u by 2010; a data we hope to improve upon this year.

Between 2008 and 2009, a number of persons with bleeding disorders died due to bleeds that could be averted if we had enough treatment products. Presently, many of these boys and men are confined to wheel chairs and crutches requiring surgeries to correct their affected limbs. A number cannot go to school, while those working face threats of losing their jobs, because of constant absenteeism from work. Some have even had their legs amputated.”

Life Expectancy

Like most aspects of the disorder, life expectancy varies with severity and adequate treatment. People with severe haemophilia who don't receive adequate, modern treatment have greatly shortened lifespans and often do not reach maturity. Prior to the 1960s when effective treatment became available, average life expectancy was only 11 years. By the 1980s the life span of the average haemophiliac receiving appropriate treatment was 50–60 years. Today with appropriate treatment, males with haemophilia typically have a near normal quality of life with an average lifespan approximately 10 years shorter than an unaffected male.

Since the 1980s the primary leading cause of death of people with severe haemophilia has shifted from haemorrhage to HIV/AIDS acquired through treatment with contaminated blood products. The second leading cause of death related to severe haemophilia complications is intracranial haemorrhage which today accounts for one third of all deaths of patients with haemophilia. Two other major causes of death include: hepatitis infections causing cirrhosis and, obstruction of air or blood flow due to soft tissue haemorrhage.

Causes

Haemophilia A is a recessive X-linked genetic disorder involving a lack of functional clotting Factor VIII and represents 80% of haemophilia cases.

Haemophilia B is a recessive X-linked genetic disorder involving a lack of functional clotting Factor IX. It comprises approximately 20% of haemophilia cases.

Haemophilia C is an autosomal genetic disorder (i.e. not X-linked) involving a lack of functional clotting Factor XI. Haemophilia C is not completely recessive, as heterozygous individuals also show increased bleeding.

Severity

There are numerous different mutations which cause each type of haemophilia. Due to differences in changes to the genes involved, patients with haemophilia often have some level of active clotting factor. Individuals with less than 1% active factor are classified as having severe haemophilia, those with 1-5% active factor have moderate haemophilia, and those with mild haemophilia have between 5-40% of normal levels of active clotting factor.

Management

Commercially produced factor concentrates such as “Advate”, a recombinant Factor VIII, come as a white powder in a vial which must be mixed with sterile water prior to intravenous injection.

Though there is no cure for haemophilia, it can be controlled with regular infusions of the deficient clotting factor, i.e. factor VIII in haemophilia A or factor IX in haemophilia B. Factor replacement can be either isolated from human blood serum, recombinant, or a combination of the two. Some haemophiliacs develop antibodies (inhibitors) against the replacement factors given to them, so the amount of the factor has to be increased or non-human replacement products must be given, such as porcine factor VIII.

If a patient becomes refractory to replacement coagulation factor as a result of circulating inhibitors, this may be partially overcome with recombinant human factor VII (NovoSeven), which is registered for this indication in many countries.

The bread of life and death

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Admin
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  About 2000 years ago, Jesus declared, “I am the bread of life.” John 6:35. This bread is the Word of God. Just as bread nourishes the body, the Word of God provides the spiritual nourishment. Jesus picked a popular and nutritious food as a metaphor to drive home His message. At that time, bread was the brown whole-wheat bread and not the white bread many consume today. Whole-wheat bread is commonly served with the menu for breakfast, lunch and dinner. It is the basic and traditional food. (Not in our own environment). No wonder Jesus described Himself as the bread of life. Mrs Sarah Abraham was very good at baking delicious bread for Pa Abraham and their guests. They enjoyed healthy meals of bread, meat of grass-fed animals and a glass of fresh milk and wine.

 

White bread and wheat bread are both from wheat berries which have three nutrient-rich parts – the outer layer (bran), the innermost area (germ) and the starchy part in-between (endosperm). Whole bread has all the three nutritious parts but white bread has only the starchy endosperm. In the manufacture of white flour the bran and the germ which contain 76% of the vitamins and minerals and 97% of the dietary fiber are lost.  Virtually all vitamin E is lost. The remaining flour contains poor quality protein and fattening starch. The following are lost: Calcium (50%), phosphorus (70%), iron (80%), magnesium (98%), manganese (75%), potassium (50%), copper (65%), thiamin (80%), riboflavin (60%), niacin (75%), panthothenic acid (50%), pyridoxine (50%) etc.

 

Fortification by adding vitamins and minerals brings only a minor improvement on white bread as only iron, niacin,thiamin, riboflavin and folic acid may be replaced.

Whole-wheat bread is rich in calcium and can provide almost 20% of our calcium intake which helps prevent anaemia in women and pregnant mothers.

Apart from this, flour used to make white bread is chemically bleached with oxides of nitrogen, chlorine, chloride, nitrosyl and benzoyl peroxide mixed with various chemical salts. Chloride oxide when combined with proteins produces alloxan, a poison that has been used to induce diabetes in laboratory animals.

The bleached flour is further whitened by adding chalk, alum, ammonium carbonate and other chemicals to make it more appealing to customers.

White bread is, therefore, nutritionally inferior to whole -wheat bread. Please note that white bread comes in different shades of brown, from very light to very dark depending on the maker. Do not be deceived by coloured white bread.

Heavy consumers of white bread may be slowly killing themselves. After all, we kill ourselves gradually by what we eat. Dr. Gueniot of Paris, on reaching his hundredth year, said, “Man does not die, but he kills himself.” Healthy living is a matter of attitude to life, thinking the right thoughts and a matter of what you eat. Whole bread which Jesus referred to says, “I have come to give you abundant life.” On the other hand, white bread says, “I have come to steal your life, to destroy your body and eventually kill you.”

 

Dietary fiber slows digestion down so that the starches convert to blood sugar more slowly and, therefore, reduces the glycemic index (GI). The glycemic index tells you how quickly food turns into sugar in your system. Glycemic load looks at both the GI and the amount of carbohydrate in a food, giving you a more accurate idea of how food may affect your blood sugar level. High GI foods spike your blood sugar rapidly, while low GI foods have less effects.

 

Fiber can help lose or maintain weight because eating fiber-dense wheat bread helps you feel full. The fiber in bread can help prevent constipation. Research has shown that men and women who ate high-fiber bread had fewer heart attacks and strokes. Switching over from white to whole wheat-wheat bread lowers heart disease risk by 20%. Fiber lowers LDL (bad) cholesterol in the body.

All the chemicals from white flour and other elements in our environment wreak havoc on the human body. Laboratory rats usually die in a week to ten days when placed on a diet of white flour.  A tremendous amount of strain is placed on the pancreas when it is forced to try to protect the body from chemicals.

Toasting bread only changes its appearance and crunchiness but has little effect on its nutritional value. When bread is exposed to heat (toasted) a chemical reaction called Maillard reaction takes place between carbohydrates and amino acids on the surface of the bread.  This reaction produces a substance called acrylamide, which in high doses, has been linked to cancer. Therefore, it is not advisable to eat very burnt areas of the toast.

Why am I writing this? My intention is obvious.  I want to discourage you from consuming products made from white flour. Apart from their poor nutritional value, they contain chemicals that are injurious to your body. They cause various diseases which may lead to premature death.

The title of a book of one of my favourite authors, Dr. Don Colbert, MD, is “What You Don't Know May Be Killing You.” Whether you know it or not, white bread is causing havoc in our bodies. Hosea 4:6 says, “My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge.” Your ignorance of the dangers of products made from white flour does not exempt you from the consequences of their consumption. Whole-wheat bread gives life but white bread brings death. Blessed are you if you know the truth and do it.

How often do you hold meetings with yourself?

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Most of us are full of activities every minute of the day. We are busy doing one thing or the other. Some of these activities may not even be necessary or relevant. They may not just be adding value to our lives but may even be counter-productive. We do them in order to survive or to please others. Today’s professionals, business executives and politicians are under pressure to succeed. The depressing economic environment has tended to increase the pressures of life. Several long meetings are held in companies with strong coffee and buscuits to keep members mentally alert. These pressures also result in cardiovascular and other diseases. Life expectancy continues to be compromised.

I know that in Lagos, where I live, some workers leave home around 6.00am and return around 8.00pm after wadding through the Lagos traffic. I had that experience in the late seventies when I was working at Apapa and living at Maryland. The situation has not changed much.

This type of life, with its never-ending anxieties, worries and stress cannot easily allow  quality  quiet time, silence and meditation. But it is in this mental silence that we can access our hidden consciousness. We must find time to be alone and maintain silence. In order to achieve silence, we must give up worries about the future and regrets about the past. We must let go some thoughts, emotions and strivings, and foster spirituality and inner communion with God.  Silence and meditation can be an antidote to the habit of being continually busy or involved in one sort of meeting or another. Mahatama Gandhi said, “In the attitude of silence…what is elusive and deceptive resolves itself into crystal clearness. Our life is a long and arduous quest after Truth.”  Martin Farquhar Tipper said, “Well-timed silence has more eloquence than speech.”

Man needs time for meditation and prayer. Daily meditation is necessary to the soul as is nourishment to the body. During this time, we consciously purify ourselves of worldly or personal preoccupations and surrender ourselves wholly to the consciousness of God.

What time do you have to listen to the voice of your sub-conscious?  You must stay alone with yourself for a while every day. Great people avoid the company of other people from time to time. They lock themselves up in a room and stay alone to meditate. This is one secret of their achievements. Jesus Christ taught me that lesson. Occassionally, He would leave His disciples and hibernate in a quiet and lonely place. Why did He do that? He wanted to recover and build up spiritual and physical energy. If Jesus, being God, did that, why do you think that, as an ordinary human being, you can continue sapping yourself without replenishment?

You can be more productive in your work, if you do like Jesus from time to time. Take time off your busy schedule to stay alone in a quiet place and listen to your inner self. I assure you that you will surprise yourself. You will receive some suggestions on how to tackle that problem that defied all solutions. Your sub-conscious can give you ideas to surmount some difficulties and overcome hardships. You receive directions on where to go, what to do, the book to read, whom to phone and so on. I must confess here that, as a Christian, I am still trying to understand how the Spirit of God relates with the sub-conscious.

Some people are not comfortable when they are not talking. If there is no person to talk to they pick up their phones. But we should crave the opportunity to talk less. Diogenes Laertius said, “We have two ears and only one tongue in order that we may hear more and speak less.” Charles Caleb Colton also said, “Men are born with two eyes, but only one tongue, in order that they should see twice as much as they say.”

I like to hold meetings with myself as often as possible. For me, the most effective time for meetings is in the morning before the day’s work. Planning  is one crucial activity that assures a successful day. Every activity, however insignificant it might be, should be considered. This is a to-do list. Places to go, phone calls to make, text messages to send, letters  or articles to write, money to spend, meetings to attend, visitors to receive and so on. In taking decisions on these issues, I consider their health, economic, time, intellectual,  and  social implications. Knowing full well that my hours in the day are limited and my stamina is declining as a result of age, I prioritise the activities. Sometimes, two or more  important activities clash at  the same time. In such situations, I hold an equally important meeting with myself to arrive at a reasonable and justifiable decision. I try to avoid unscheduled activites. One benefit of this type of meeting and documentation is that I never forget what I have planned to do each day. I control the day.

There is something about silence. Silence may not necessarily mean soundproofing yourself. It has got to do more with how you listen. That is why Sri Chinmoy said, “Silence is not silent. Silence speaks. It speaks most eloquently. Silence is not still. It leads perfectly.” Once a while, I have experienced silence in church during praise and worship and even sermons. I fail to hear the sounds around me but listen to the inner voice. As I receive any message, I write it down. For this reason, I have my pen and paper at all times.

 

Why cerebral malaria is dangerous for children – By Olufemi Omotayo

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Admin
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What is your impression of malaria? As a mother, do you see it as a deadly disease or one to be handled with levity? Do you belong to that group of mothers that do not bother to treat malaria in your child when you notice its symptoms?

Well, even if you do not bother that malaria could make your child miss some days at school, experts warn that it should concern you that it might turn out to be cerebral malaria, a severe form of the disease, whose aftermath, when not treated promptly, may be epilepsy. Cerebral malaria, one of the deadliest forms of malaria, is a medical emergency demanding immediate diagnosis and treatment. Experts warn that malaria is best prevented, especially since its severe form is a potential cause of epilepsy in children. This is the crux of our research in this edition.

Looking at the retina in the eyes of patients with cerebral malaria has provided scientists with a vital insight into why malaria infection in the brain is so deadly. In a study funded by the Wellcome Trust and Fight for Sight and published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, researchers in Malawi have shown for the first time in patients that the build-up of infected blood cells in the narrow blood vessels of the brain leads to a potentially lethal lack of oxygen to the brain.

Malaria is one of the world's biggest killers, killing over a million people every year, mainly children and pregnant women in Africa, and adults in South-east Asia. Malaria parasites enter the bloodstream from bites by infected mosquitoes and live in red blood cells, making them stick to the inside of narrow blood vessels and causing blockages. Most deaths occur as a result of cerebral malaria, where red blood cells infected by malaria parasites build up into the brain, leading to coma and convulsions and, if not treated swiftly, death.

Scientists have known for some time that cerebral malaria is accompanied by changes in the retina, known as malarial retinopathy which can be seen by examining the eye. Because the retina can be considered as an extension of the central nervous system, it has been used previously as a “window into the brain”, allowing for swifter diagnosis of cerebral malaria. However, until now it was not clearly understood why the disease should be so deadly.

Cerebral malaria is a severe or complicated form of malaria affecting the brain, occurring predominantly in children, with a mortality rate of 15-25 per cent. It affects about one million children every year, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. Coma, headaches, seizures, and impaired consciousness are frequent manifestations of this infection.

Children less than five years of age are particularly susceptible because of low levels of immunity. It only takes one bite from an infected mosquito to contract the disease that directly affects the brain, causing fever, vomiting, chills, and coma.

In addition, children with cerebral malaria are at risk of developing several adverse neurological outcomes, including epilepsy, disruptive behaviour disorders and disabilities characterised by motor, sensory or language deficits. Since most of the neurological effects did not present themselves immediately, they were not evident at the time of the child’s discharge from the hospital after the initial malaria illness.

A new study on cerebral malaria in African children reported that almost a third of cerebral malaria survivors developed epilepsy or other behavioural disorders.

The research, which appeared in the journal, The Lancet Neurology, looked at several hundred children during a nearly five-year period in Blantyre, Malawi. The children were evaluated for cognitive function in three major areas: attention, working memory, and tactile learning. Evaluation was done at hospitalisation, six months after the initial malaria episode, and two years after the episode.

They found that at six months, 21 per cent of children with cerebral malaria had cognitive impairment compared with six per cent of their healthy Ugandan peers. At two years, cognitive impairment was present in 26 per cent of the patients, compared with 8 per cent of the community children.

The researchers involved in this first-ever prospective study of cerebral malaria survivors that included a control group suggested that cognitive impairment may begin to manifest itself months after the initial episode. In fact, cognitive function was most dramatically impaired in the area of attention.

The impact of the findings on African society is no doubt immeasurable. By extrapolation, they stated that about 135,000 African children younger than five years might have developed epilepsy due to cerebral malaria-induced brain injury each year, and cerebral malaria may be one of the more common causes of epilepsy in malaria-endemic regions.

Since these are children that had survived the malaria, their quality of life and what they contribute to society is severely hampered, the experts declared the need to be more aggressive in treating the two major risk factors: seizures and high fever before better treatment for seizure and fever are identified in hopes of minimising the risk of epilepsy in years to come.

Previous studies had linked epilepsy to disruption of brain development during early childhood – roughly between the ages of one and five -because of the fragility of the brain during this period.

Nonetheless, Dr. Ikeoluwa Lagunju, a consultant paediatric neurologist, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Oyo State, declaring the importance of preventing malaria, stated that cerebral malaria was a severe form of malaria in which you have malaria parasite invading the brain.

Dr. Lagunju stated: “We see cases of cerebral malaria quite often, particularly during the rainy season. Transmission of malaria parasite is quite high during the rainy season and so you tend to have many cases of malaria and its severe forms during this season.”

According to her, “malaria parasite is usually found circulating in the blood stream and that is why you have fever, vomiting, chills and rigours. But in severe cases, these parasites would go through the blood to the brain and when you have a heavy load of malaria parasite in the brain, it is believed that it could block some blood vessels, cause swelling of the brain and some other abnormalities.

“When this happens, the child becomes unconscious, but afterwards, a number of them recover consciousness. But cerebral malaria is highly fatal and can kill rapidly, with poor management, when it is not recognised or involves someone who has not been in a malaria-endemic area.

However, Dr Lagunju remarked that in those who survived cerebral malaria, the brain had been affected. “It is a form of injury to the brain. The brain is peculiar in the sense that it does not regenerate. You can injure your finger nail and then it grows back. You can have a wound and then you lose the skin and the skin grows back, but the brain is not like that,” she stated.

According to her, ‘If you have a child who has had cerebral malaria, he may recover from the illness, but then he may have problems with vision and hearing and few of them may later continue to have seizures and have what we call epilepsy.

“So, these are the things that we worry about with cerebral malaria and that is why prevention of malaria remains the best option.”

Certainly, nobody can tell which malaria will be severe enough to involve the brain. According to Dr Lagunju, the best option is to prevent malaria through the use of insecticide-treated nets, ensure clean surroundings, maintain low lawns and clean drains, prevent stagnant waters and ensure a clean environment.

She reiterated the need for mothers to know how to treat malaria. “Gone are the days of: are you a doctor? Why did you then give anti-malarial medicines? We actually expected that mothers should have a pack of rapidly acting anti-malarial drug that they can readily administer as soon as they notice that the child is unwell. This will help to quickly clear the malaria parasite and reduce the risk of the child going on to develop severe forms of malaria.”

Professor Surajudeen Arigbabu, a consultant neurosurgeon at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, reiterated that once the brain is injured, it cannot recover. According to him,” for any loss of a part of the brain or an injury, the effect is permanent and for that reason, if a person is diagnosed with cerebral malaria and there is a damage to any part of the brains later in life, that part of the brain that is damaged may become an epileptogenic focus and with resultant convulsions from time to time.”

In new research, Dr Nick Beare of the Royal Liverpool University Hospital, together with colleagues at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi, examined the retinas of 34 children admitted to the hospital with cerebral malaria. They used a technique known as fluorescein angiography, which involves injecting a special dye into the arm intravenously and photographing its passage through the blood vessels of the retina. It is used to identify fluid leakage or blockages in the small blood vessels at the back of the eye.

More than four in five of the children examined by Dr Beare and colleagues were found to have impaired blood flow in the blood vessels of their eyes. Three-quarters had whitening to areas of the retina where blood did not appear to reach, implying that the parasites were disrupting the supply of oxygen and nutrients.

“We have previously used the retina to accurately diagnose severe malaria, but now this window into the brain has opened up our knowledge of what makes cerebral malaria so deadly,” says Dr Beare. “This is the first study to clearly show impaired blood flow in the eyes of patients with cerebral malaria. It has provided strong evidence to support what, until now, had been merely hypothesised: that cerebral malaria causes inadequate blood flow to the brain, depriving it of oxygen and causing potentially life-threatening damage.”

If caught in time, the effects of cerebral malaria can be reversed with no lasting damage to the patient's cognitive functions or vision. Dr Beare believes these new findings point to new therapeutic measures for treating cerebral malaria more effectively, particularly in comatose children.

“Many children are dying across Africa with cerebral malaria because we don't understand how to help them whilst the anti-malarial drugs have an effect,” he says. “Drugs that improve circulation and limit the damage caused by the lack of oxygen could help prevent many deaths.”

The research has been welcomed by Michele Acton, chief executive of Fight for Sight, who comments: “The findings of Dr Beare's work on malaria are incredibly important. Fight for Sight is delighted to have helped to fund such progress towards better therapies to prevent children dying from cerebral malaria.”

  • With additional reports from internet sources

UPM Prescription drugs

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Solomon Ojigbo
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UPM Prescription drugs Promotional Video

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Contract Prescribed drugs Restricted (CPL) – www.4ward.ca 4ward Communications Markham Aurora Newmarket

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Solomon Ojigbo
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Contract Prescribed drugs Restricted (CPL) Companies Overview Video

created by 4ward Communications www.4ward.ca Video Toronto Markham Vaughan Aurora Newmarket Barrie “Markham, Ontario (Metropolis/City/Village)” Video Growth Enhancing Companies

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WHO IS THE APPLE OF YOUR EYE?

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Who is your beloved? Whom do you cherish above others and care for the most? That person is the apple of your eye. No wonder David requested of God, “Keep me as the apple of your eye” (Psalm 17:8). God so loved and cared for His people that Moses wrote in Deuteronomy 32:10, “He shielded them and cared for them, guarding them as the apple of His eye.” God so treasures His word and laws that He said, “Keep my commands and live, my teaching as the apple of your eye” (Proverbs 7:2). King Solomon in his Song of Songs 2:5 said, “Strengthen me with raisin cakes, and refresh me with apples, for I am weak with love.” The refreshing property of apples was acknowledged by the wise King Solomon.

 

In the Garden of Eden, God provided varieties of delicious apple fruits for Adam and Eve to eat and enjoy good health. Therefore, the history of apple fruits started with the creation of the world about 6,000 years ago. Apple fruits are cultivated in most parts of the world and there are more than 7,500 varieties, with about 2,500 varieties grown in the USA.

Martin Luther was quoted as saying, “Even if I knew that tomorrow the world would  go to pieces, I would still plant my apple tree.” This sounds funny but it reveals the value Martin Luther placed on apples. Apple is such a popular fruit that virtually everybody eats it.

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), an English physicist and mathematician, observed an apple fall from a tree and wondered how the fruit was able to fall on its own.  His question and reasoning led him to think of the Universal Law of Gravitation. Bernard M. Baruch said, “Millions saw the apple fall, but Newton was the one who asked why.”

The saying that an apple a day keeps the doctor away is a scientific fact. This simply means that eating   apples   keeps you healthy – a   fact which many people do not know. Nutritional scientists have proven the health benefits of apples, beyond doubt over the generations. Nature has put many health-promoting ingredients in the apple fruit, thereby making it an ideal fruit for everyone. Apple contains quercetin, an antioxidant that protects the brain cells   from free radical damage, resulting in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinsonism. It prevents cells from initiating cancer. Quercetin is also found in green tea, red wine, garlic, tomatoes, grapes and berries.  Pectin contained in apples lowers LDL (bad) cholesterol and increases the good cholesterol thereby keeping down the blood pressure. The phytonutrients in apples can help regulate the blood sugar by preventing spikes in blood sugar through a variety of mechanisms. It slows down carbohydrate digestion. Querctin and other flavonoids found in apples inhibit carbohydrate-digesting enzymes like alpha-amylase and alpha-glucoside. In addition, the polyphenols in apples have been shown to lessen absorption of glucose from the digestive tract; to stimulate the beta cells of the pancreas to secrete insulin; and to increase uptake of glucose from the blood. All of these mechanisms triggered by apple polyphenols can make it easier for you to regulate your blood sugar. It also supplies galacturonic acid, which lowers the body’s need for insulin.

 

Apple lowers the risk of particularly lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer and liver cancer. It has outstanding ability, among other fruits, in the lowering of lung cancer risk. It has health benefits in asthma.  Apple’s anti-asthma benefits are definitely associated with the antioxidant anti-inflammatory nutrients found in the fruit. It also contains a flavanoid called phoridzin, which increases bone density. Those who want to lose weight should eat apples. Recent research has shown that people report less hunger after eating apples. When apples are eaten before a meal, the caloric intake at that meal is decreased. Therefore, it helps us manage our hunger and feeling more satisfied with our food.

Apples have relatively low glycemic index (GI) of 38, compared with other fruits like orange (43), mango (55), pawpaw (58), banana (62), pineapple (66), and watermelon (72). The GI tells you how quickly a food turns into sugar in your system.  High GI foods spike your blood sugar rapidly, while low GI foods have less effect.  Diabetics, in particular, should take more of fruits with low GI like apples and reduce consumption of the ones with higher GI. Apple fruits are rich in fibers which help to protect mucous membrane of the colon from exposure to toxic substances by binding cancer-causing chemicals in the colon. The fiber found in apple may combine with other apple nutrients to provide you with the health benefits that are particularly important in prevention of heart disease through healthy regulation of blood fat levels.

Apple fruit contains good quantities of vitamin-C and beta-carotene, which are powerful antioxidants. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps the body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free radicals from the body. In addition, apple fruit is a good source of B-complex vitamins, such as riboflavin, thiamin and pyridoxine (vitamin B-6). It also contains small amounts of minerals like potassium, phosphorus and calcium.

Potassium is an important component of cells and body fluids helping to control heart rate and blood pressure; this counters the bad influences of sodium.

Apple has properties that no other fruits have individually. Apple combines everything other fruits have and this makes it a unique fruit. Consumption of apples makes one healthy and keeps the doctor away. This cannot be said of oranges, bananas, mangoes etc. The big question is how many apples do you eat in a month? Even Americans, on the average, eat an apple a week.

 

 

 

Prescribed drugs Manufacturing Deviation Report utilizing Infowise Final Types

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Solomon Ojigbo
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Pattern implementation of regulated course of on SharePoint utilizing Infowise Final Types bundle. You possibly can obtain this self putting in web site template for WSS three.zero and SharePoint Basis four.zero right here: http://infowisesolutions.com/template.aspx?id=DeviationReport

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About Us – ADDS Prescription drugs

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Solomon Ojigbo
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ADDS Prescription drugs, privately funded by Encinal Pharmaceutical Funding, LLC, is a biopharmaceutical firm specialised within the improvement of optimized medicines utilizing its diversified supply applied sciences for unmet therapeutically wants.

ADDS Prescription drugs is headquartered in Silicon Valley (Sunnyvale), California, USA.

For extra data, please go to us at http://www.addspharma.com or go to our Net Retailer at http://www.aqua66.com

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Sigma-Tau Prescription drugs CEO on Uncommon Ailments

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Solomon Ojigbo
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Gregg Lapointe shares his firm's distinctive strategy and uncommon dedication to discovering remedies and cures for sufferers affected by uncommon illnesses.

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Can I decrease my ldl cholesterol with pure prescribed drugs?

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Solomon Ojigbo
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http://homefirst.com/ Sure, pure merchandise like crimson yeast rice, phytosterols, policosanols, omega3, probiotics, guggullipids, and so on. have been proven to decrease unhealthy levels of cholesterol and lift good levels of cholesterol.

Eating regimen, train and smoking cessation are vital components of sustaining correct ldl cholesterol and blood stress ranges. Nevertheless, even you probably have an ideal food regimen, train three or 4 occasions every week and dont smoke, hereditary components could trigger you to have elevated ldl cholesterol and blood stress ranges. A current research within the Journal of the American Medical Affiliation concluded, non-smokers, 30% above their preferrred weight, with regular blood stress and levels of cholesterol haven't any elevated danger from coronary heart illness and stroke. These outcomes are very promising.

The scientific literature is filled with research documenting the risks of Lipitor®, Zocor®, Prevacor®, Crestor® or the sick fated Dacol® (the statin household of ldl cholesterol decreasing prescribed drugs). Homefirst® Ldl cholesterol Well being is a mix of 4 pure substances which have scientific documentation which reveals that they've been identified to decrease LDL ldl cholesterol (unhealthy ldl cholesterol), decrease triglycerides and lift HDL ldl cholesterol (good ldl cholesterol) in a secure and efficient method.

To obtain Dr. Eisenstein's complementary e mail publication please go to http://homefirst.com/

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BioBytes: Biotechnology and Plant Made Prescription drugs

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Solomon Ojigbo
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Once you take a look at a discipline of tobacco vegetation, your first thought in all probability is not about its medicinal makes use of. However in a number of years, this crop might assist produce life-saving vaccines and therapies for illnesses corresponding to most cancers, diabetes, Cystic Fibrosis, and arthritis – simply to call a number of. Biotechnology researchers are presently exploring the manufacturing of plant made prescription drugs – which principally means utilizing vegetation to provide protein-based prescription drugs. Dr. Targan explains how the method works, and the way any such analysis might make pharmaceutical manufacturing extra reasonably priced sooner or later.

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Stacker 2 – NVE Prescribed drugs

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Solomon Ojigbo
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Vídeo institucional sobre a NVE Prescribed drugs, fabricante do Stacker 2.

Launch:

A NVE Prescribed drugs Stacker 2 ® começou há aproximadamente 15 anos para atender aos atletas profissionais como opção eficaz no uso de suplementos alimentares para a prática de “Stacking “. “Stacking” foi um termo criado após o uso frequente da Efedrina HCL, por atletas profissionais que desejavam energia further para os treinos, bem como adquirir uma estética corporal perfeita para as competições.

Através de extensas pesquisas e catalogar numerosos estudos, a NVE conseguiu padronizar ingredientes e matérias primas adequadas aos resultados desejados por atletas de 1º. nível mundial. Estes resultados incluem a energia further, o aumento da queima de gordura e diminuição do apetite entre as refeições. Através dos anos, os atletas que se utilizavam dos produtos com eficiência começaram a recomendá-los à seus amigos e familiares com o objetivo de controle de peso. O desejo por esses produtos naturais para a perda de peso se tornou uma mania nacional nos Estados Unidos, e o Stacker2 ® “The Worlds Strongest Fats Burner” foi desenvolvido especialmente para atender esse público. Líder no mercado em lojas do ramo, rápidamente o Stacker 2 ® “The Worlds Strongest Fats Burner” expandiu-se por todo o país.

Hoje a NVE Prescribed drugs é uma empresa líder na fabricação de suplementos alimentares à base de plantas que têm ajudado os atletas a atingir resultados extremos. A especialidade da NVE Prescribed drugs, emagrecimento e ganho de energia, continua a expandir na vanguarda do conhecimento, com desenvolvimento e fabricação de Non-public Label ( Marcas Próprias ), com tecnologia de ponta para fabricação de produtos em pó, tabletes, cápsulas e bebidas.

Nacionalmente conhecidas as marcas Stacker 2 ® e Stacker three ® comandam uma presença muito forte e confiável no mercado, e formam um time com histórias de sucesso que você vai ter a oportunidade de conhecer pessoalmente.

Conheça mais nos websites:
http://www.nveusa.com/ e http://www.stacker2.com/

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Prescribed drugs in Ingesting Water

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Solomon Ojigbo
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http://www.nationalwatercouncil.org 41 million persons are ingesting water tainted with pharamceutical drungs and associated bi-products.

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