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Babalola Canvasses Disruptive Technology at UNILORIN Pharmacy Induction

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– As VC pleads with PCN to review admission quota

Prof. Chinedum Babalola, vice chancellor, Chrisland University, Abeokuta, Ogun State, has called on pharmacy school administrators as well as pharmacists in practice to embrace the wind of disruptive technology blowing across the profession.

Delivering the keynote address at the induction and oath-taking ceremony of 18 pharmacy graduates of the University of Ilorin (UNILORIN) recently, Babalola stated that the old ways of impacting knowledge were gradually giving way due to technological advancement.

L-R: Quadri Ajibola Omotesho, overall best graduating student, in a warm handshake with Prof. Chinedum Babalola, vice chancellor, Chrisland University while Dr. Rasheedat Ayanniyi, acting dean, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Dr Olayinka Buhari, deputy vice chancellor, UNILORIN look on.

“I am happy that UNILORIN has also taken the bull by the horn by commencing its PharmD programme. This is exactly how the success story of Amazon started when Jeff Bezos (owner) evolved from selling books to becoming one of the biggest online retail giant.

“Unlike in the past, today’s students are now allowed to own and use phones for research and academic study. Schools no longer see them as objects of distraction but objects of disruptive innovation,” she emphasised.

While describing Pharmacy as the first daughter of medicine (or the healing arts, as it was called), the keynote speaker reminisced that people like her were fortunate to find themselves in the profession even though she originally wanted to study Mathematics or Agriculture.

Babalola canvasses disruptive technology at UNILORIN Pharmacy induction
A cross section of UNILORIN management staff, PCN team, guest speakers and academic staff of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the induction ceremony.

“Nevertheless, I settled for it and resolved to give it all it took. And, of course, this was what has brought me this far. Let me also state that of all the challenges plaguing the profession, lack of enabling environment remains one of the biggest.

“Other obstacles include poverty, low knowledge of the profession, low morale, lack of political will, poor access to medicine, among others,” she said.

Crediting Emmanuel Caulcrick as the first registered pharmacist in Nigeria, Babalola urged the graduating students to be proactive by doing more than just leaving their alma mater with good grades

“As a parting gift, I want to encourage you to think outside the box, own the drugs, own the profession and rule your world,” she charged them.

In his opening remarks, Pharm. N. A. E. Mohammed, registrar, Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN), represented by Pharm. Anthony Idoko, congratulated the graduands, parents, UNILORIN vice chancellor, academic and non-academic staff of the institution, noting that the faculty was living up to standard.

“These promising young men and ladies here today have completed the first phase of their training as professionals and are now fit to compete favourably with their colleagues in all areas of practice for services to humanity and also to God.

“The second phase of your Pharmacy training starts with the one-year statutory internship programme, which is compulsory for all pharmacists in Nigeria, including those who trained abroad without evidence of licensure in countries of practice,” he said.

Mohammed who expressed disapproval of professional misconduct in its entirety, revealed that any report of misconduct by a pharmacist is usually investigated by the PCN investigating panel which refers erring pharmacists to the disciplinary tribunal (having the same status as a Federal High Court) when found guilty.

“Note that sentences such as removal of a pharmacist’s name from the pharmaceutical register for a given period of time could be passed.

“This is why I enjoin you to keep off the Register-And-Go syndrome that has tarnished the image of pharmacists and brought the profession to ridicule. Learn to always uphold the ethics of the profession at all times,” he charged.

The PCN also counselled the university management to always retain its best students for internship and official engagement.

“I also want to sound the note of advice to the new graduands. Do not fill your career with abandoned projects; make purposeful changes in life to complement your experience; be focused and wait patiently for your time,” Mohammed charged.

In a related development, Prof. Sulyman Abdulkareem, vice chancellor, UNILORIN, has made a passionate appeal to the leadership of the PCN to review its admission quota.

“I sincerely want to push for an adjustment in your admission quota. Please find a way of increasing it because we need to further encourage people to consider Pharmacy in our admission process.

“I once spoke with Late Prof. Abdulkarim Agunu and others to see how they can encourage graduands to opt for teaching and academics because it is the only way to sustain quality education and continuity,” he appealed.

 

Optimal Cancer Care Holds Free Breast & Cervical Cancer Screening

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Towards the commemoration of the 2019 World Cancer Day, which is celebrated on 4 February of every year, Optimal Cancer Care Foundation is organising free breast & cervical cancer screening for women of all ages, at 118 Bode Thomas Street, Surulere, and 46, Beach Road, opposite General Hospital, Ikorodu, Lagos.

Programme banner

The screening, sponsored by the Lagos APC Gubernatorial Candidate, Babajide Sanwo-Olu, will hold on all four Fridays of February, 2019, which are February 1, 8, 15 and 22, respectively, from 10.00 am to 4.00pm.

Women are advised to take advantage of the screening, to know their status of these conditions.

 

Yakasai Launches Safe Medicines Foundation

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Poised to improve access to safe and essential medicines, which is crucial to reducing ill-health, infant and maternal mortality rate, the Immediate Past President (IPP) of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN) Pharm. Ahmed I.Yakasai, has launched Safe Medicines Foundation (SMF).

Yakasai, who unveiled the Foundation, during the sent forth, organised in his honour by his friends and associates, at the Sheraton Hotel, Ikeja, recently, stated the objectives of the Foundation as follows: “To become the trusted go-to resources that can help consumers, healthcare professionals, law enforcement agencies, policy makers and the government navigate the complex and dangerous world of substandard and falsified (fake) medicines”.

Pharm. Ahmed I. Yakasai, and some dignitaries at the event.

Decrying the poor state of healthcare delivery in the country, which is fraught by fake or substandard and falsified products, coupled with limited access to quality healthcare, the PSN IPP called for the collaboration of stakeholders to rectify the ills in the system, in order to have a healthy socity.

His words: “It really hurts to see fake or substandard and falsified products circulating in our country maiming innocent citizens. And I believe with sincere heart and encouragement from people like you we can confront this monster. So together, let’s make a positive impact and rescue our people and it can be you or me as a victim.

“As we all know, essential medicines save lives and improve health when they are available, affordable, of assured quality and properly used. Hence, our citizens around the nooks and crannies of Nigeria deserve access to safe, standard, efficacious and cost-effective medicines. Safe Medicines Foundation aims to become the trusted go-to resources that can help consumers, healthcare professionals, law enforcement agencies, policy makers and the government navigate the complex and dangerous world of substandard and falsified (fake) medicines.

Yakasai Launches Safe Medicines Foundation
Pharm. Ejiro Foyibo, deputy president, PSN, South; Former PSN President,. Pharm. Olumide Akintayo; Pharm. Ahmed I Yakasai, immediate past president (IPP) PSN; Managing Director, Fidson Healthcare, Dr Fidelis Ayebae; Chairman, Greenlife Pharmaceuticals Plc; Dr Obiora Chukwuka ; and Managing Director, Reals Pharmaceuticals, Pharm. Ade Popoola, at the launch.

“SMF will leave no stone unturned and work round the clock with all relevant stakeholders engaged in the medicines supply chain and regulators/Donors like NAFDAC, PCN, USP etc to make sure that patient safety, quality medicines and healthcare are priorities for decision makers. Every day, our children are killed, our pregnant women are murdered, our elders are giving up the ghost and our hardworking men and women are dying because of lack of access to safe medicines. We can do something. We will do something and with your support we shall do something”, he quipped.

He however, expressed heartfelt gratitude to his friends, among whom were:Dr Ifeanyi Okechukwu, Pharm. Onyeka Onyeibor;  Pharm. Theodore Okafor;  Mr Ken Ofulue of Iroko Capital;  Dr Fidelis Ayebae, Lekan/Sammy, Emeka Obi; Dr Chimezie Anyakora , and others, for sponsoring the event.

Below is the list of members of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation:

  1. Pharm. Ahmed I Yakasai, Founder and Chairman
  2. Dr (Pharm.) Ifeanyi Okechukwu, Co-Founder and Executive Director/Secretary
  3. Dr Chimezie Anyakora, Co-Founder and Vice Chairman
  4. Pharm. Sesan Ahmad Kareem, PRO
  5. Pharm. Onyeka Onyeibor, Treasurer
  6. Mr Hakeem Ogunniran, Member
  7. Dr Aminu Magashi Garba, Member
  8. Pharm. Lekan Asuni, Member
  9. Dr Hassana H Adamu, Member
  10. Pharm. Ikenna Anthony Onuchukwu, Member
  11. Prof. Peace Chinedum Babalola , Member
  12. Sir Bright Ekweremadu, Member
  13. Pharm Abimbola O Adebakin, Member
  14. Dr Femi Ogunremi, Member
  15. Barr. Naser Abdu Dangiri, SAN, FCIArb, Legal Adviser/Member

 

 

 

 

Governor Dickson, Etebu, Others Applaud Bayelsa’s First Pharmaceutical Fair

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Hundreds of pharmacists from community pharmacies, hospital practice and other arms of the profession turned up at the Bayelsa State’s first ever pharmaceutical fair.

The two-day event which was officially flagged off by the Bayelsa State governor, Seriake Dickson, also witnessed a remarkable turnout of nurses, doctors and patent medicine dealers.

Governor Dickson, Etebu, Others Applaud Bayelsa’s First Pharmaceutical Fair
L-R: Bayelsa State Governor, Seriake Dickson making enquiry about a product from Mr Samuel Ayeni, managing director, Seaduck Limited while Pharm. Tamaraotare Johnson, managing director, Bayelsa State Drug Distribution Company (BSDDC) looks on.

Speaking at the occasion, Dickson told newsmen that he was quite impressed with the turnout of people and the level of organization at the pharmaceutical fair.

“With what I have seen so far, I can say the days of fake drugs in Bayelsa are clearly over. I have also directed that all public healthcare facility in the State should make their drugs procurement from nowhere else but this centre.

“And from the ongoing engagement between the health team and our private healthcare providers, in no time all drugs in Bayelsa will have an identifiable source,” he reassured.

His view was equally shared by Prof. Ebitimitula Etebu, State commissioner for health, who believed strongly that continual hosting of such pharma exhibition would ensure people have access to good, quality and affordable drugs.

Governor Dickson, Etebu, Others Applaud Bayelsa’s First Pharmaceutical Fair
A cross section of dignitaries at the event

“This is a very good innovation. I also think this is the place where one can be sure that all drugs one is getting are NAFDAC-certified,” he noted.

In her opening address, Pharm. Tamaraotare Johnson, managing director, Bayelsa State Drug Distribution Company (BSDDC) disclosed that the 2018 Pharmaceutical Expo was the first ever to be held by any distribution centre, drug revolving fund centre or central medical store in the country.

“What we did basically was to provide a platform for pharmaceutical companies to interact with our public healthcare facilities and private healthcare providers.

“The essence was to help the healthcare facilities to understand new market trends and key into it. Inviting pharma companies to showcase their products is also a means to curb the influx of fake and unwholesome medicines into the State,” she stressed.

According to Pharm. Felix Adomokeme, head of marketing, Bayelsa State Drug Distribution Company, who also doubled as chairman, local organising committee for the fair, the turnout of participants at the two-day expo was quite satisfactory and has further encouraged the BSDDC to start projecting increased participation from neighboring states for the 2019 edition.

“Thus we believe that subsequent years will require a bigger venue with improved and increased collaborations and partnerships. Definitely, it will get bigger and better,” he opined.

In a related development, Dr (Mrs) Bio Joseph, chairman, Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN), Bayelsa state chapter trumped up support for the drug expo saying it was a welcome development.

“We know that there are illegal markets where drugs are being sold. Those environments are not conducive enough for drugs to be stored. We are looking forward to a time when those markets shall be closed,” she said.

Some of the top pharma exhibitors on display were Philips Pharmaceuticals, Tamar & Pharez, WWCVL, Tricare, Clarion, Pharmacyplus, New Heights, Bond, Elmarine, Solid Accord, Biofem, Phamatex, SKG, Emzor, Marcson, Reals, Generix Global, Pemason, Shalina Healthcare, Aquatix, Seaduck, and GSK.

Others were Reckitt, Codix, Agary, Assenex, Elbe, Tah Pharma, Grace Drugs, Aphantee, SKT, Avropharma, Almond Ethicals, Getz, Geneith, Miraflash, Orange Drugs, DKT, Geneith and Servier.

WHO Lists Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019

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Sequel to the several health challenges encountered in different parts of the world in the previous year, which included: outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases like measles and diphtheria, antimicrobial resistance, growing rates of obesity and physical inactivity, environmental pollution, climate change, etc, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has come up with a 5-year strategic plan, titled – the 13th General Programme of Work, to tackle these health conditions.

The new report from the apex health institution revealed the ten most common health issues, which are described as threats to human beings, and will be the focus of the 5-year health  plan of the WHO.

The release stated that the new programme will emphasise a triple billion target: “Ensuring 1 billion more people benefit from access to universal health coverage, 1 billion more people are protected from health emergencies and 1 billion more people enjoy better health and well-being. Reaching this goal will require addressing the threats to health from a variety of angles”.

Air pollution

Below are 10 of the many issues that will demand attention from WHO and health partners in 2019, as stated by the release.

Air pollution and climate change

Nine out of ten people breathe polluted air every day. In 2019, air pollution is considered by WHO as the greatest environmental risk to health. Microscopic pollutants in the air can penetrate respiratory and circulatory systems, damaging the lungs, heart and brain, killing 7 million people prematurely every year from diseases such as cancer, stroke, heart and lung disease. Around 90% of these deaths are in low- and middle-income countries, with high volumes of emissions from industry, transport and agriculture, as well as dirty cookstoves and fuels in homes.

Noncommunicable diseases

Noncommunicable diseases, such as diabetes, cancer and heart disease, are collectively responsible for over 70% of all deaths worldwide, or 41 million people. This includes 15 million people dying prematurely, aged between 30 and 69.

Over 85% of these premature deaths are in low- and middle-income countries. The rise of these diseases has been driven by five major risk factors: tobacco use, physical inactivity, the harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diets and air pollution. These risk factors also exacerbate mental health issues, that may originate from an early age: half of all mental illness begins by the age of 14, but most cases go undetected and untreated – suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15-19 year-olds.

Global influenza pandemic

The world will face another influenza pandemic – the only thing we don’t know is when it will hit and how severe it will be. Global defences are only as effective as the weakest link in any country’s health emergency preparedness and response system.

Influenza

More than 1.6 billion people (22% of the global population) live in places where protracted crises (through a combination of challenges such as drought, famine, conflict, and population displacement) and weak health services leave them without access to basic care.

Fragile settings exist in almost all regions of the world, and these are where half of the key targets in the sustainable development goals, including on child and maternal health, remains unmet.

Antimicrobial resistance

The development of antibiotics, antivirals and antimalarials are some of modern medicine’s greatest successes. Now, time with these drugs is running out. Antimicrobial resistance – the ability of bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi to resist these medicines – threatens to send us back to a time when we were unable to easily treat infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and salmonellosis. The inability to prevent infections could seriously compromise surgery and procedures such as chemotherapy.

Resistance to tuberculosis drugs is a formidable obstacle to fighting a disease that causes around 10 million people to fall ill, and 1.6 million to die, every year. In 2017, around 600 000 cases of tuberculosis were resistant to rifampicin – the most effective first-line drug – and 82% of these people had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis..

Ebola and other high-threat pathogens

In 2018, the Democratic Republic of the Congo saw two separate Ebola outbreaks, both of which spread to cities of more than 1 million people. One of the affected provinces is also in an active conflict zone.

This shows that the context in which an epidemic of a high-threat pathogen like Ebola erupts is critical –  what happened in rural outbreaks in the past doesn’t always apply to densely populated urban areas or conflict-affected areas.

Weak primary health care

Primary healthcare is usually the first point of contact people have with their health care system, and ideally should provide comprehensive, affordable, community-based care throughout life.

Primary healthcare can meet the majority of a person’s health needs of the course of their life. Health systems with strong primary health care are needed to achieve universal health coverage.

Vaccine hesitancy

Vaccine hesitancy – the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines – threatens to reverse progress made in tackling vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways of avoiding disease – it currently prevents 2-3 million deaths a year, and a further 1.5 million could be avoided if global coverage of vaccinations improved.

Measles, for example, has seen a 30% increase in cases globally. The reasons for this rise are complex, and not all of these cases are due to vaccine hesitancy. However, some countries that were close to eliminating the disease have seen a resurgence.

Dengue

Dengue, a mosquito-borne disease that causes flu-like symptoms and can be lethal and kill up to 20% of those with severe dengue, has been a growing threat for decades.

An estimated 40% of the world is at risk of dengue fever, and there are around 390 million infections a year. WHO’s Dengue control strategy aims to reduce deaths by 50% by 2020.

HIV

The progress made against HIV has been enormous in terms of getting people tested, providing them with antiretrovirals (22 million are on treatment), and providing access to preventive measures such as a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP, which is when people at risk of HIV take antiretrovirals to prevent infection).

However, the epidemic continues to rage with nearly a million people every year dying of HIV/AIDS. Since the beginning of the epidemic, more than 70 million people have acquired the infection, and about 35 million people have died. Today, around 37 million worldwide live with HIV. Reaching people like sex workers, people in prison, men who have sex with men, or transgender people is hugely challenging. Often these groups are excluded from health services. A group increasingly affected by HIV are young girls and women (aged 15–24), who are particularly at high risk and account for 1 in 4 HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa despite being only 10% of the population.

WHO

 

 

 

 

PCN Inducts 102 Graduates of Igbinedion Varsity

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The Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN), has inducted 102 graduands of the Dora Akunyili College of Pharmacy, Igbinedion University, Okada.

The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the oath taking and induction ceremony of the 2017/2018 session, held at the university’s main auditorium, Okada, Edo, on Friday.

The Vice – Chancellor, Prof. Lawrence Ezemonye, who was represented by Prof. Deborah Odejimi, said “oath taking is a promise to God and man, to stand by the laws and ethics of pharmacy.

PCN Inducts 102 Graduates of Igbinedion Varsity
Igbinedion Varsity

“An oath is a formal and serious promise to tell the truth or to do something”.

Ezemonye, who urged the graduates to use their knowledge to promote good health in the society, added that a world without a doctor or pharmacist is not complete.

Dr Ighodaro Igbe, dean, College of Pharmacy, who inducted the graduates, said the college had been fully accredited by the PCN, and the National Universities Commission (NUC).

Ighodaro, who thanked God for the life of the students, said that no fewer than 533 pharmacists had graduated from the university’s college of pharmacy since its establishment.

According to him, the graduates are expected to acquaint themselves with the code of professional ethics.

“The oath prescribes their professional and moral responsibilities to the patients, pharmacy college, as well as other professionals”.

He thanked the parents of the new pharmacists for entrusting their children into the hands of the lecturers in the university.

Earlier, Chief Sam Igbe, the Iyase of Benin kingdom, urged the inductees to always stand by the laws guiding the practice of pharmacy.

He advised them to do better than their predecessors, as they had been given the best training from one of the best universities in the country.

The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the 2017/2018 academic session induction ceremony is the eighth by the institution.

NAN

JOHESU Threatens to Embark on Strike

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The leadership of the Joint Health Sector Unions (JOHESU) has given the Federal Government a 14-day ultimatum to resolve all pending issues with the body; else they will resume their suspended industrial action by Thursday 31 January 2019.

In a 14-day strike notice letter written to the Minister of Labour & Employment, Dr. Chris Ngige, JOHESU Chairman, Comrade Biobelemoye Josiah expressed the dissatisfaction of his members with the government, for delaying to fulfill the agreement reached with them some years back.

Nigerian Health workers

“In view of the apparent indifference of government to permanently resolve these lingering issues, some of which have persisted for over five years now, the Joint Health Sector Unions by this letter notifies the Federal Government of her resolve to resume the suspended industrial action by Thursday, 31st January, 2019. Having waited for this long it is surprising that the following matters have not been resolved”, Josiah noted.

He highlighted the issues at stake to include : upward adjustment of the Consolidated Health Salary Structure (CONHESS); unjustified withholding of the salaries of JOHESU members for the months of April and May, 2018 and headship of hospital departments. Others are non-promotion of members on CONHESS 14 – 15 as Directors in some Federal Health Institutions, and implementation of Consultancy Cadre to JOHESU members.

It will be recalled that JOHESU suspended its 44-day industrial action on 31 May, 2018, due to the untold sufferings of the masses, who could not access healthcare during the prolonged strike, to resume mediation process, but it appears mediation has not yielded their desired results.

 

Aliyu Balarabe Becomes New Medical Director for FMC, Kebbi

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President Muhammadu Buhari has approved the appointment of Aliyu Balarabe as the medical director (MD), Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State.

According to a press statement signed by a spokesperson of the Federal Ministry of Health, Boade Akinola, on Wednesday, Mr Balarabe’s appointment is for an initial first term of four years.

Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State.

Ms Akinola said the appointment was confirmed in a letter signed by the Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Boss Mustapha.

She said Mr Balarabe’s appointment takes effect from December 27, 2018.

Congratulating Mr Balarabe on his appointment, the Minister of State for Health, Osagie Ehanire, reminded him of the enormous responsibilities of his office and the yearning of Nigerians for an effective and responsive healthcare delivery system.

Mr Ehanire further urged the new official to bring his wealth of experience to bear on the discharge of his duties so as to take health care delivery to a greater height.

How Lassa fever made me deaf for 20 years- Gov. Al-Makura

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Governor of Nassarawa State, Umaru Tanko Al-Makura, yesterday told participants at the first international conference on Lassa fever in Abuja how he contracted the disease in 1990 that made him deaf for 20 years before he had a cochlear implant.

The governor said he lost his first son to Lassa fever nine years after marriage, the second son survived but with the burden of the side effects of the virus, neurological problems, especially hearing loss.

How Lassa fever made me deaf for 20 years- Gov. Al-Makura
Governor of Nassarawa State, Umaru Tanko Al-Makura.

Al-Makura said he got infected when he was bitten on his finger while trying to prevent his then sick son from biting his tongue. He said he later fell sick with severe headache, seizures, cough, stomachache and erratic breathing.

According to him, it took the intervention of a foremost virologist and head of the National Lassa Fever Committee, Prof. Oyewale Tomori, who came to visit him at the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) Plateau State, to be saved.

Al-Makura said that Tomori immediately instructed that he should be taken to EKO Hospital in Lagos and his blood sample sent to the United States Centre for Disease Control in Atlanta Georgia. The governor was diagnosed positive to the virus after two weeks.

Al-Makura said in order to eradicate Lassa fever and other infectious diseases, his administration was building a comprehensive diagnostic centre in Lafia, which is nearing completion. He also said that his administration had established a special school in Lafia to cater for people with disabilities such as the blind, the deaf, the lame and those with down syndrome for free, as from kindergarten to secondary school.

“I stand as a product of the tragedy of Lassa fever. I was completely deaf and had to be living with that for 20 years and I was using hearing aid until I had cochlear implant that mechanically processes the sound. I endured a certain measure of deafness. It was the same with my son who was able to survive.

“I consider myself very lucky. I have survived to tell my story. I encourage all of us to rise up to the challenge. I can feel the endless psychological trauma. I am a product of the tragedy of Lassa fever. There is the adage that there is ability in disability. I believe with a conference like this, we will be able to protect a lot of people who would have been disabled. So let us try as much as possible to prevent diseases.

“I got elected in 2011 and re-elected in 2015. In 2012, I led the Bill on persons with disabilities to the National Assembly. My executive bill in Nassarawa State on persons with disabilities has been passed by the House Assembly. I have signed into law the Nassarawa State Disability Law.”

“Above all, this is my contribution to the eradication of Lassa fever and other infectious diseases. I am saying thank you God for keeping my life. Let us rise to the challenge and defeat Lassa fever once and for all,” the governor appealed.

 

The Guardian

How to Sell Short Date Pharmaceuticals on Nearexpiry App – Pharm. Egbuonye

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For community pharmacists who have always been experiencing huge losses through expired products, respite has come their way, as Nearexpiry Limited, a duly registered Nigerian-based online sales and marketing company, with special interest in products with near expiry dates, recently launched its Application on Google Play Store.

Speaking with Pharmanewsonline.com recently, on the concept of Nearexpiry deals, the Founder/Director, Nearexpiry Deals, Pharm. Obi Egbuonye, who was at our corporate head office, in Mende, Maryland, explained how he came about the idea from the experience he got while shopping with a colleague at a UK mall, during his last visit to the United Kingdom.

Founder/Director, Nearexpiry Deals, Pharm. Obi Egbuonye, presenting Nearexpiry branded shirt to Pharmanews Publisher, Sir Ifeanyi Atueyi, during his visit to Pharmanews Ltd.

He narrated how he would have bought the same quantity of meat at ten pounds more than the actual price he got it, at a near expiry mall in the UK.

His words: “I was in the UK for my secondary school old boys’ association reunion last year, and we had to do a family carnival. In preparation, we needed to buy some foodstuffs, one of which was meat. So we went to the mall and I was going straight to the meat section, but my colleague we went together was going towards the back of the mall, and he signalled me, so I followed him.

“When we got there, we saw meat in large quantity, at £ 5.99, which was to serve like fifteen people. By the time we were leaving the mall, my friend said we should check for the price of the same quantity of meat in the front section of the mall, and it was £15.99. So I asked why the wide margin in price? Then he explained that the one we bought was best before 3 days, and our carnival was the next day, so he said, what was the point of buying at £15.99, when it will be consumed the next day. So when I returned to Nigeria, I said this nearexpiry idea will be of great benefit to community pharmacists, to close the gap of losses via expired drugs. Thus, the idea of nearexpiry is extended from drugs to provisions and other consumables”, he explained.

Highlighting the benefits of Nearexpiry deals to retail pharmacists and other outlets, he said first and foremost, it is a means to cut down on the inventory loss of the owner of the business. And for the man on the street, it is a plus for him too, because that item he would buy for 3X naira, he will get it for X naira.

He further explained the logic behind Nearexpiry deals, stating that since retailers do not want their products to expire on their shelves, the first thing they will do is to discount their prices, so when prices are discounted, the consumer who has limited budget, on so many things will also come to buy those things because the products will still have the same quality before expiring. “It is a win win situation, for the consumers as well as the retailers”, he quipped.

Although the firm is still operating through the App for now, he said the vision is to expand it into physical outlets, with branches all over the country.”Then the bigger picture is the establishment of nearexpiry physical outlets, which is for me the real thing. In the coming years, we will begin to have nearexpiry Maryland, nearexpiry Okokomaiko, with a big warehouse, where people can easily walk in to get medicines and consumables at very discounted rates. So we are going to have nearexpiry Onitsha, nearexpiry Awka, nearexpiry Ibadan, etc.,” he stated.

 

PSN Celebrates Yakasai at Send Forth Party

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Tuesday, 15 January 2019, will remain a memorable day for Pharm. Ahmed I. Yakasai, the immediate past president  (IPP) of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN), as he was officially sent  forth  by the PSN new national executives, led by the President, Mazi (Pharm.) Sam Ohuabunwa, at the Pharmacy House, Anthony Village, Lagos.

Extolling the impactful character and administration of Yakasai, Mazi Ohuabunwa described him as a quintessential leader, whose admirable qualities are attested to by every staff member that worked with him.

PSN President, Mazi (Pharm.) Sam Ohuabunwa, presenting an Apprecaition Award to the Immediate Past President (IPP) Pharm. Ahmed I. Yakasai, at the send forth party.

While expressing the satisfaction of all members of staff and executives with Yakasai, Mazi  Ohuabunwa noted that his legacy will not be forgotten, as the new executives will endeavour to consolidate on his achievements to take the Society to the next level.

Yakasai, on his part appreciated the PSN President, the National Secretary, the National Treasurer and all staff of PSN for bestowing on him such honour. He expressed his heartfelt delight  for having working relationship with them, while he urged the staff to extend to the new PSN President , the same level of support and cooperation they gave him.

PSN Celebrates Yakasai at Send Forth Party
Cross section of participants at the send forth party

While assuring them of his readiness to assist, whenever his attention is needed. he noted that he has dedicated his life for the Pharmacy profession and in whatever ways he can contribute to the profession, he will always be available.

PSN Celebrates Yakasai at Send Forth Party
The Immediate Past President (IPP) of PSN, Pharm. Ahmed I. Yakasai

 

First Lassa fever International Conference Holds in Nigeria

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The first international conference on Lassa fever is billed to hold at the Transcorp Hilton, Abuja, Nigeria, starting from 16 to 17 January 2019.

The conference, organised by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), is themed: “50 years of Lassa fever: Rising to the challenge”, and will be facilitated by renowned international scientists among whom are: Dr Pierre Formenty, team lead – VHF, WHO; Prof. Stephan Gunther, HOD Virology, Bernard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany.

First Lassa fever International Conference Holds in Nigeria
Conference banner

Other speakers at the conference include: Prof. William Kwabena Ampofo, HOD Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Prof. Daniel Bausch, Director, UK Public Health Rapid Support Team, United Kingdom; Prof. Christian Happi, director, Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Reedemers University, Nigeria; Prof. Oyewale Tomori, Chair, National Lassa fever Steering Committee, Nigeria; Prof. Sylvanus Okogbenin, CMD, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria, and Richard J. Hatchett, MD, Chief Executive Officer of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI).

Addressing journalists on the essence of the first-ever Lassa fever international conference, the National Coordinator, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) Chikwe Ihekweazu said the conference would mark 50 years of discovering the virus in Nigeria.

He further explained that the bringing together of various health experts, researchers and scientists from all parts of the world, who have been working on the Lassa fever disease, will put Nigeria in leadership light in the control of Lassa fever globally.

Mr Ihekweazu also noted that the conference will afford experts opportunity to share knowledge and suggest ways to curb the disease, while discussion will also centre on the level of vaccine production for the disease.

“We have done a lot of work but we know we can do more, and we will do more. At the conference, we will be exchanging ideas, listening to new thoughts, and making new friends. From these, new scientific collaborations will commence”, he stated.

It will be recalled that in 2018, Nigeria experienced the largest reported outbreak of Lassa fever with 21 of 36 States in the country affected.

NCDC coordinator said the 50th year of discovery of the Lassa fever is an opportunity for the scientific community to reflect on what is known, describe gaps that exist and prioritise the research agenda for the future.

He highlighted some of the thematic areas of the conference to include:

  • Epidemiology and Surveillance of Lassa and other VHFs
  • Case management of Lassa and other VHFs
  • Laboratory diagnosis of Lassa and other VHFs
  • Risk communication for Lassa and other VHFs
  • Community engagement for Lassa and other VHFs
  • Infection Prevention Control (IPC) of Lassa and other VHFs

 

Expert Lists Causes of Infertility, Urges Couples to Seek Care

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Professor Godwin Ajayi, director, Prenatal Diagnostic and Therapy Centre, Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi-Araba, has urged couples with infertility to seek appropriate care, stating that oftentimes, the problem could be due to infection, low blood volume, sperm antibodies and poor understanding of their body systems.

The fertility expert, who gave this advice during a lecture he delivered at the hospital to couples with challenges of conception, stated that many infections, such as mumps, measles, cytomegalic virus, hepatitis D and E, as well as Candida, can contribute to infertility, abortion and malformation in an unborn child.

Professor Ajayi, a consultant gynaecologist/obstetrician assured expectant parents that even where the man is found without any spermatozia, this should still not be a barrier to a family having a child of their own, as many men had become infertile due to poorly treated mumps they had as young boys.

Prof. Godwin Ajayi

He has also charged women to ensure that their undergarments are always washed and ironed to kill germs such as Candida, a germ that affects chances of conception. The expert said low blood volume should also be avoided because it could also predispose to premature delivery.

Contrary to the common thinking in the community, the consultant mentioned that the fact that a woman is menstruating, does not mean that she is producing eggs, which could be fertilised by a sperm for a child to be formed.

According to him:“At times, the zero sperm count could arise from blockage in the passage of sperm, hormonal or due to antibodies.”

Professor Ajayi, also noted that sometimes, diseases such as diabetes and medications can contribute to the problem of infertility, and urged women to learn how to take their basal body temperature, to know when they are fertile, to improve their chances of conception.

“By charting the basal body temperature, a woman can know when she has ovulated, rather than guessing, based on such things as pain in the pelvic region. In about a third of the time, using symptoms as pelvic pain to determine the time of ovulation is incorrect. It is a guess work.

“Also, charting the basal body temperature can be used by a woman to detect if she is to have a miscarriage, much earlier before any sign of bleeding,” the expert said.

Study Links Personal Income to Increase Risk of Heart Diseases

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Many salary earners may be oblivious of this subject, but a new study has linked the income level of workers to their vulnerability of an increased risk of heart disease and death. While the majority of income earners expect an increase in their take-home pay at the beginning of every year, some start the year with depression when the needed increase is not forthcoming.

While it is often expected that a person’s income will constantly rise until they reach retirement age, it was found that if Income levels are unstable, it can easily turn into a stressor, and the volatility of personal income could be having a more serious effect on people’s heart health.

Study Links Personal Income to Increase Risk of Heart Diseases
Heart disease patient

The research, published in the Journal Circulation, and reported on MedicalNewsToday, is most apt for Nigerians presently, while the new minimum wage debate is on the front burner and as a new year begins.

The results, found that substantial fluctuations in personal income were associated with a higher risk of death and cardiovascular diseases in the decade following this income change.

The study further noted the amazing finding, which indicated that young people are not exempted from the risk, as an ongoing study has been tracking the health of young people living in four cities around the United States for nearly 3 decades.

“The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study started in 1990. The four cities are Minneapolis, MN, Chicago, IL, Oakland, CA, and Birmingham, AL. Each participant was aged 23–35 years when the researchers first examined them”.

To arrive at their findings, the researchers analyzed data from the CARDIA study to see whether there was a link between income fluctuations and risk of cardiovascular events as well as death. They first studied income levels taken from five assessments in 1990–2005.

While they analysed income volatility and income drop or a decrease of 25 percent or more from the previous figure, thereafter they tracked the number of people who experienced cardiovascular events — both fatal and non-fatal — or died of any cause in 2005–2015.

They discovered that there were 106 cardiovascular events and 164 deaths. The team took into account factors such as pre-existing heart risk and socio demographic background.

The study found that the highest levels of income volatility were linked with almost double the risk of death and over double the risk of conditions such as strokes, heart failure, or heart attacks.

TAKEAWAY

The takeaway from this study is for employees to always be at their duty posts to deliver what is expected of them, while employers are to be mindful of the health conditions of their staff during salaries’ review.

 

CBT for Federal Scholarship Board Applicants in Science&Technology Commences 15 January

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The Minister of Education, Mallam Adamu Adamu, has invited interested and qualified Nigerians to participate in the 2019/2020 nomination Computer Based Test (CBT) for the Federal Government Scholarship Awards in the following areas:

Federal Scholarship Board Banner

 

1.0  Bilateral Education Agreement (BEA)

  • Undergraduate (UG) studies tenable in Russia, Morocco, Algeria, Serbia, Hungary, Egypt, Tunisia, Turkey, Cuba, Romania, Ukraine, Japan, Macedonia; and
  • Postgraduate (PG) studies tenable in Russia (for those whose first degrees were obtained from Russia), China, Hungary, Serbia, Turkey, Japan, Mexico, South Korea.
  • All qualified candidates are advised to:
  • Visit Federal Ministry of Education’s website www.education.gov.ng and click on READ MORE on Federal Scholarship Board ICON on the Home Page:  .
  • Read guidelines and then complete the application form online
  • Print the completed Application Form d. Submit two sets of the Printed Application Forms at the venue of the interview as scheduled below.

3.0 Fields of Study

  • Undergraduate level – Engineering, Geology, Agriculture, Sciences, Mathematics, Environmental Sciences, Social Sciences, Biotechnology, Architecture, Medicine (very limited), Languages,  Sports, Law, etc.
  • Postgraduate level (Masters Degree and Ph.D) in all fields.

4.0  Criteria for Eligibility

  1. UNDERGRADUATE SCHOLARSHIPS: All applicants for undergraduate degree courses must possess a minimum qualification of Five (5) Distinctions (As & Bs) in the Senior Secondary School Certificates, WAEC (May/June) only in the subjects relevant to their fields of study including English Language and Mathematics. Certificates should not be more than Two (2) years old (2017& 2018) for African countries the age of certificate is one year (2018) only . Age limit is from 18 to 20 years.

 

  1. POSTGRADUATE SCHOLARSHIPS: All applicants for Undergraduate degree courses must hold a First Class (1st Degree with at least 2nd  Class Upper Division. The applicants who are previous recipients of  Foreign Awards must have completed at least two (2) years post qualification or employment practice in Nigeria. All applicants must have completed N.Y.S.C. Age limit is 35 years for Masters and 40 years for Ph.D. and only:
  • Y.S.C discharge or exemption certificates only are accepted;
  • Evidence of readiness to be released by employer.

NOTE (For all Applicants):

  • Since the BEA countries are non-English speaking, applicants should be prepared to undertake a mandatory one year foreign Languare course of the country of choice which will be the standard medium of instruction;
  • Japan applicants must have very strong background in further mathematics;
  • The required certificates for candidates applying for Iman Preachers and Quaranic Professor for Islamic Religious studies in Algeria is WAEC as in other scholarship awards;
  • All applicants for Hungarian Scholarship can apply for up to two fields of study in order of preference; and
  • All applicants for Hungarian Scholarships must visit the website: stipendiumhungaricum.hu before 15th january, 2019. Complete the application form online   Print the completed form and bring to the interview venue in addition to 2.0 above.

5.0 VENUE OF INTERVIEW: All eligible applicants are to  report for interview at the venues scheduled for accredidation a day to the date scheduled for examination. Two sets of completed application forms should be submitted at the various JAMB CBT centres with the following attachments:

  • Two sets of Photocopies of Educational Certificates and Testimonials of previous schools attended with the originals for sighting;
  • Only one certificate is accepted i.e WAEC of May/June for Undergraduate applicants; Two copies of Birth Certificate from National Population Commission; . State of origin/LGA certificate duly signed, stamped and dated;
  • Four (4) coloured passport sized photographs on white background; and
  • Postgraduate applicatns will be required to submit Academic transcripts and NYSC discharge or Exemption certificates only. NB: Candidates nominated by the Board will be required to submit to Federal Scholarship Board the following: i) Authenticated copies of academic certificates;  ii) Data page of current International passport; and iii) Specified Medical Reports from Government hospitals. iv) Police Clearance Certificate where necessary.
  1. NIGERIA AWARD SCHOLARSHIP (NA) 2019/2020 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS TENABLE IN NIGERIA TERTIARY INSTITUIONS FOR NA, SDG (SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS) FOR GIRLS ONLY

THE ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR NIGERIAN AWARD/SDG ARE AS FOLLOWS:

 Applicants for Postgraduate studies should possess a minimum of first degree with Second Class Honours Upper Division.  Applicant must be registered FullTime students of Federal or State Universities.  All other applicants (UG, HND &NCE) must be registered full-time students in their second year or above in Federal or State Universities, Polytechnics, Monotechnics and Colleges of Education.  All undergraduate Scholarship applicants (Physically challenged inclusive) must have at least 4.0 Cumulative Grade Points Aggregate (CGPA) on a five (5) point scale or its equivalents or 5.0 on a 7 point scale.

 

IMPORTANT INFORMATION: NA/SDGs The scholarship are tenable in Nigeria and take effect from the beginning of the academic session.  It shall not be held at the same time with another Award nor for part-time studies.  Change of course or Institution is not allowed.  The Scholarship award is to assist the scholar in the payment of: i. Institutional charges and fees and ii. For Personal maintenance; iii. SDGs Scholarship is for female only.

 

COURSES TO BE CONSIDERED FOR THE AWARD ARE AS FOLLOWS:

  1. Science and Technology
  2. Medicine and Para-medicals
  3. Education
  4. Agriculture
  5. Liberal Arts/Social/Management Sciences
  6. Entrepreneural Studies,
  7. ICT
  8. Environmental Sciences
  9. Law

METHOD OF APPLICATION Application forms are completed online as follows:  Complete form online  Submit and Print a copy  Attach Photocopy of the following documents to the Printed Copy  i. Letter of Admission to the Institution ii. Current Course Registration Form iii. CGPA results of year 1, 2, 3, etc. iv. Current School’s Identity Card v. Letter of Identification from your State/Local Government  vi. Two (2) passport size photographs with your name written at the back and duly signed by you.

NOTE:  Printed Copy should be endorsed (signed and stamped) by your HOD or Dean of Faculty of your institution. Submit one set of the printed and endorsed forms at the venue of the interviews as scheduled below:

Please note that the 2019/2020 FSB CBT  dates is from 15 t0 19, January 2019, and venues stated

GENERAL NOTICE: During the application candidates are expected to indicate the following:

  1. i) Centre of choice for the Computer Based Test (CBT); and
  2. ii) Choice of programme preferred in order of priority (i.e. Bilateral Education Agreement (BEA), Nigerian Award (N/A), Sustaniable Development Goals (SDGs) scholarship for girls only).

iii) Warning : Double Enteries will be disqualied

OFFICIAL PHONE NUMBERS:

  1. i) Bilateral Education Agreement (BEA): 08077884417/09094268637
  2. ii) Nigerian Award/SDGs: 08077884418/08091155229 iv) fsb@education.gov.ng/fsbbea@education.gov.ng/fsbna@education.gov.ng

For further Technical/Apps inquires please call: 08055581004

Time : 9.00 am Daily

Please note that this particular application does not attract any processing fee, therefore, beware of fraudsters!

Signed:

Arc Sonny T. Echono, fnia

Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Education

 

NAFDAC Intercepts a Trailer-Load of Unregistered Pharmaceuticals at Oshodi

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The Director General, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) Prof.Moji Adeyeye, has revealed how the agency was able to intercept a trailer loaded with unregistered pharmaceutical products at Oshodi, Lagos, on 9 January 2019.

She explained through a press statement from her office, how the officials of the Investigation and Enforcement Directorate of NAFDAC, got a tip-off from a concerned citizen that a 40ft trailer was transporting assorted suspected pharmaceutical products to an unknown destination, and they were able to mount a six-hour surveillance and intercepted the said trailer at Oshodi enroute Mushin.

NAFDAC DG

 

The NAFDAC boss further stated that while trying to move the intercepted trailer to NAFDAC’s warehouse, operatives of the Nigeria Customs Service and Nigeria Police Force came into the scene to lend a helping hand, and the trailer was eventually moved to the Area D Command, Mushin.

The document reads in part:
“After a joint examination by operatives of NAFDAC, Nigeria Customs Service and the Nigeria Police Force, the following products were found in the trailer:
“1. Barcadin with codeine (cough syrup) – 588ctns x 200bottles x100ml, batch no. OHLC-08, OHLC-09, OHLC-10, OHLC-11, OHLC-12. Mfg date: 09/18 Exp. date: 08/21
“2. Feed fine (Cyproheptadine caplet) 44ctns x 24rolls x 10pks x 3blisters x10 caplets. Batch no. MP8212, MP8213, MP8214, MP8215, MP8216, MP8217, MP8219, MP8220. Mfg. date: 07/18 Exp. date: 06/22

“3. Really Extra (Diclofenac sodium tab) 190ctns x 100boxes x 10pkts x 1×10 caplets. Batch no. AB80003. Mfg. date: 10/18 Exp. date: 09/21.
“4. Afrodic (Diclofenac sodium cap) – 207ctns x 100boxes x 10pks x 1×10 caplets. Batch no. AF004, AF006. Mfg. date: 03/18 Exp. date: 02/21”.

The statement also revealed that one Mr Luke Mba ‘M’ of no 9 Ehi str., Ijesa, Lagos. who accompanied the trailer and claimed to be the importer was arrested along with the driver.

While the agency has resolved to prosecute the suspect when the Police hands him over to her, the statement disclosed that initial investigation showed that the unregistered products were manufactured and/or imported from India into Nigeria through the Seme land border and allegedly Onitsha, Anambra state bound.
“It is of note that the Federal Government announced a ban on the production and import of cough syrup containing codeine after investigation into its addiction epidemic. We appeal to members of the public as part of their civic responsibility to report any incidence of counterfeiting and adulteration of foods, drugs, cosmetic, medical devices, chemical and packaged water to NAFDAC for prompt regulatory and legal action”, the document stated.

Isah Muhammad Wins Pharmanews Young Pharmacist of the Year Award

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Sequel to the online poll featured on pharmanewsonline.com for the Pharmanews Young Pharmacist of the Year 2018, Pharm. Isah Muhammad, of Medinomic Healthcare Ltd, has won the competition.

Pharm. Isah Muhammad

Pharm. Muhammad polled a total of 7,368 votes, while other contestants- Benson Ezedei Obinna (WelfarePharma Ng) had 3,849 votes; Peter Onimisi (IQVIA) got 741 votes; Timothy Okooboh (Health Hub Blog) garnered 645 votes and Sesan Kareem of Achievers Forum had 112 votes.

While Pharmanews is grateful to all participants and voters, for being part of the online poll, we wish to state that the award presentation to Pharm. Muhammad will be coming up on 14 March 2019, by 11 am, at our Corporate Head Office, in Mende, Maryland.
Please note that attendance is strictly by invitation.

Low Sugar Inscription: Court Orders Nigerian Breweries to Apologise to Customers

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Following the suit presented before an Edo State High Court by a former Vice-Chancellor, Benson Idahosa University (BIU) Benin, Prof. Ernest Izevbigie, against the Nigerian Breweries Plc, over alleged misleading information, “low sugar,” on the can of one of its non-alcoholic drinks, Amstel Malt, the court has ordered the company to apologise to the claimant, and other members of the public for the wrongful inscription.

Justice  Esohe Ikpomwen of Edo State High Court,  recently  directed  the Nigerian Breweries Plc, to apologise to one of its customers, Prof. Ernest Izevbigie, for the wrongful inscription of “low sugar’’ on its product.

Nigerian Breweries Plc logo

Izevbigie, a professor of Biochemistry had sued NB plc through his lawyer, Okonkwo Emmanuel of Henry Idahagbon and Co. (Trinity Chambers).

The claimant  said that a laboratory investigation revealed that the product contained more sugar than the company put on the brand.

He urged the court to order the company to tender a written apology to him as he had been injured by the deception.

Izevbigie also prayed the court to pronounce that the inscription on the product was misleading to the public.

Low Sugar Inscription: Court Orders Nigerian Breweries to Apologise to Customers
Prof. Ernest Izevbigie

Delivering judgment, Ikponmwen, the Chief Judge of the state, ordered the company to tender an unreserved apology to members of the public who might have been lured by the “trade trick’’ of low sugar on the can.

The judge, however, held that evidence before the court showed that the sugar content of Amstel Malt was between the approved 10 per cent and 15 per cent of sugar by the regulatory body.

She said NB should have indicated that the sugar content contained in the product was lower than other beverage non-alcoholic drinks rather than the “low sugar’’ inscription.

Ikponmwen held that while she might not grant the request suggesting that the information was deceitful, she held that it was a trade trick competition taken too far by the firm.

She held that the claimant’s request urging the court to hold that Amstel malt was a normal non-alcoholic drink and not “low sugar’’ succeeded.

“The defendant is ordered to apologise to the claimant and other public consumers in Nigeria for making them to erroneously believe that Amstel malt is low in sugar within 30 days from the date of this judgment,’’ she held.

(NAN)

which of the responses is (are) correct. The management plan for RB should include?

4

 

1    diclofenac suppositories

2    vancomycin po

3    co-amoxiclav intravenous therapy

 

 

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E    if 3 only is correct

NIMR Signs MOU with FMC Ebute – Metta on Research and Clinical Trials

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The management of the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) on Wednesday signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the management of Federal Medical Centre, Ebute-Metta, on multi-disciplinary research and clinical trial.

The signing of the agreement, witnessed by the management team of institutions, scientists and other stakeholders was held at the NIMR’s main auditorium, Yaba, on 9 January, 2019.

Speaking on the essence of the collaboration, the Director General of NIMR, Prof. Babatunde Salako, said the partnership was imperative in order to reposition the Institute to do more on its roles in providing evidence for policy, innovation through research and ability to provide cutting edge treatment for diseases causing morbidity and mortality in our environment.

 

L-R: Mr Yunusa Zauzzua, deputy director, finance and administration, NIMR; Director General of NIMR, Prof. Babatunde Salako, exchanging the signed MOU with the Medical Director, FMC Ebute – Metta, Dr Ademola Dada; while Mr Harrison Etim, head of administration, FMC Ebute-Metta, looks on.

His words: “This management found it compelling to improve its networks and collaborative efforts by approaching the management of the Federal Medical Centre Ebute – Metta to provide the Institute with opportunities and much needed facilities to conduct human participants’ health research, using the hospital as its clinical research facility.

“This understanding will provide our scientists an array of human participants that will assist them in their quest to find new therapies, evolve better approach to disease management, drug development clinical trials and development of new diagnostic tools”, he explained.

The NIMR boss further stated that the hospital’s clinical specialists and its special investigative facilities, especially in the clinical area will be made available for research purposes that are capable of expressly advancing the healthcare capability of the hospital.

L-R: Mr Yunusa Zauzzua, deputy director, finance and administration, NIMR; Director General of NIMR, Prof. Babatunde Salako, signing the MOU with the Medical Director, FMC Ebute – Metta, Dr Ademola Dada, doing same; while Mr Harrison Etim, head of administration, FMC Ebute-Metta, and other mnagement team members, look on.

However, the agreement is not one-sided as Prof. Salako has noted that the hospital will also enjoy a range of benefits. He said the hospital stands to benefit immensely from NIMR’s world class basic and clinical research scientists, who are capable of designing novel therapy that hospital patients may patient from.

On his own part, the Medical Director, FMC Ebute – Metta, Dr Ademola Dada, said the collaboration will afford patients access to cutting edge research, latest technology, latest method of healthcare delivery and they will also have the opportunity to contribute to knowledge.” So it’s a win win situation for patients, for the hospital, and for the research institute”.

When asked on the areas of concentration for their research, Dr Dada noted that they are not restricting their research to a particular area, stating that checking of outcomes is a form of research. “It is certainly a programme that will impact everything we do as an institution. Our patient care and outcomes, the services we render, and our processes”.

On the duration of the agreement, he said it is a lifetime relationship, and he was very optimistic that at the end of the day, none of the parties will ever regret signing the understanding.

 

 

Oak-Faith Pharma Boss Tasks FG on Boosting Local Manufacturers’ Capacity

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For the Year 2019 to be a prosperous one for the Nigerian Pharmaceutical Industry, the government needs to encourage indigenous manufacturers by providing the necessary facilities and putting infrastructure in place, to enhance maximum production of medicines locally, the Managing Director, Oak-Faith Pharmaceutical Resources Ltd., Pharm. Chris Ojeabulu has said.

Pharm. Ojeabulu, who spoke with Pharmanews at his new factory, situated at Mowe, in Ogun State, narrated the ordeals of indigenous pharma manufacturers in the country, while calling the government to urgently look into their conditions, in order for the New Year to be a better year for the pharma industry.

Pharm. Chris Ojeabulu

His words:” Presently, the roads are not there for distribution, the interest rates are so high that you cannot access anything, and even before you get them it takes a lot.

“The importation of goods at the port is bad, the dues and levies and whatever you pay are not encouraging. The inconsistency in government policies is not helping in that area as well. So, these are some of the inconsistencies that make the business swing up and down and it’s like the growth you expect, you don’t get it”, he decried.

Going forward, he urged the government to dwell more on exporting of products, saying any country that does not export is not growing.  “I believe that if the government should focus on petro- chemical industry here, some of the raw materials that we are bringing in could be sourced locally and we have such petrochemical industry not developed which is a big source of raw material for the pharma industry”.

He has also advised those at the helm of affairs to formulate policies that are manufacturers-friendly, while guarding against policy summersault, which is not a good one for the country.

“Our government should watch against  policy summersault, because in the past, when they bring out a policy, saying these are the products on prohibition list, and then unannounced, behind the scene you will see those products coming in again, people are bringing them from outside the country, and those policies are broken”, he warned.

 

 

 

 

which of the responses is (are) correct.

4

which of the responses is (are) correct. The assessment of end-organ damage from hypertension includes?

1    evaluating prostatic hypertrophy

2    examination of the optic fundi

3    carrying out an ECG

 

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E    if 3 only is correct

Akwa Ibom Procures N5bn Worth of Hospital Equipment

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Akwa Ibom State Government has purchased medical equipment worth N5 billion for Ibom Specialist Hospital to boost healthcare delivery in the state.

Dominic Ukpong, the state Commissioner for Health, disclosed this when members of the Divine Mandate Campaign Team visited the Paramount Ruler of Eket, Edidem Etim Abia, in Eket recently.

Ibom Specialist Hospital

According to him, the state has been paying N400 million quarterly to offset bills for the medical equipment in the hospital.

Mr Ukpong, however, said the hospital was not completed before it was inaugurated during the previous administration.

“We are paying the money now and the hospital had been inaugurated but not yet completed.

“It was supposed to be ground floor, first, second and third floors.

“The previous administration did the ground and first floors and left the second and third floors uncompleted. It is not yet plastered but was inaugurated,” Mr Ukpong said.

He noted that Ibom Specialist Hospital, was on 8  August, 2018 given out to Clinotech Turnkey to manage for the state, adding that Governor Emmanuel was passionate to improve healthcare delivery in the state.

He said some other hospitals in the state, such as Ituk Mbang, Immanuel hospital, Etinan General Hospital, Ikono hospital and Awa hospital had been rehabilitated, upgraded and equipped with modern facilities.

“We are trying to train people who will manage the hospitals.

“We have gotten ambulance for emergency medical response such that if you are sick and you cannot leave your home, you will call a certain number and an ambulance will come and pick you up for treatment,” he said.

The commissioner, however, appealed to the people of the state to vote for Governor Emmanuel and all the Peoples Democratic Party’s (PDP) candidates in the state.

Responding, Mr Abia said monarchs are not into partisan politics but the leaders of people.

“Nobody can say that the paramount ruler has no voice, we represent the voice of the people.

According to him, I am in a position to tell Eket people, which side they should support.

“This is because we are qualify to do so, we have to direct our people properly,” Mr Abia said.

 

(NAN)

Group Decries N2000 Monthly HIV Drugs Fee

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The Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria (NEPWHAN) has called on governments to ensure Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is completely free, accessible and without user fee in 2019.

Peter Obialor, Lagos State Coordinator of the group, made the plea in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) recently in Lagos.

 

Why FG Must improve its activities
HIV/AIDS Banner

He noted that his members were currently paying N2,000 monthly to access the drugs.

The group also requested that treatments should be made available in the nearest facilities closer to People Living with HIV (PLHIV) for easy access.

“The major thing we request from governments this year is to make PLHIV accessing treatment totally free, no user fee and it should be in all the nearest places and facilities for easy accessibility.

“We have only benefited from AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria (APIN) programme which allows us free access to drugs.

“Other implementing partners (IPs) like FHI 360, a global health and development organisation in charge of Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) and many other hospitals and facilities have refused us free access to drugs.

“They are also collecting user fee, like for test which is not supposed to be so.

“We pay as high as N2,000 per pack every month; many PLHIV cannot afford paying this fee and so, this has made many fall from adherence.

“They are no more picking the drugs when they are supposed to and they are also not swallowing or taking the drugs when necessary,’’ Mr Obialor said.

According to him, many PLHIV are now leaving their facilities to other facilities because of user fee.

He said “When they go there, they double count and register themselves as new clients instead of continuing from where they stopped.

“They go there and start afresh because no user fee is required’’.

Mr Obialor called for assistance of stakeholders to cut off the fee so that the planned 90-90-90 Strategy to get HIV epidemic under control could be achieved.

NAN reports that the 90-90-90 is a concept introduced by the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS in 2013.

The idea is that by 2020, 90 per cent of people who are HIV infected will be diagnosed, 90 per cent of people who are diagnosed will be on antiretroviral treatment and 90 per cent of those who receive Antiretroviral will be virally suppressed.

Mr Obialor also decried how the CD4 count test usually carried out on PLHIV to know how their immune system functions had been stopped.

He pleaded that CD4 count and viral load tests be carried out together so that PLHIV would have adequate information to manage their status.

He called for proper equipping of Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and employment of more doctors and nurses to oversee the needs of PLHIV. (NAN)

 

 

WHO Calls for Consumption of Healthy Diet in the New Year

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It is amazing to have scaled through the myriads of hurdles of the previous year, but it is much more important for you to make plans on how to lead a healthier life, which keeps diseases at bay. While it is established that you are what you eat, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has urged all to include the consumption of balanced diet into their New Year’s resolution.

The apex health institution, in its recent report revealed that a lot of things we eat and drink go a long way in influencing our body’s immunity, as well as the tendencies to develop health conditions in the future, such as heart diseases, diabetes, obesity, cancer, etc.

WHO Calls for Consumption of Healthy Diet in the New Year
Healthy Diet

Hence, the health body has drawn up a list of what to do, to assist people consume healthy diet in the New Year.

They include:

  • Eat a variety of food
  • Cut back on salt
  • Reduce use of certain fats and oil
  • Limit sugar intake
  • Avoid hazardous and harmful alcohol use

Eat a variety of food

Some tips to ensure a balanced diet:

In your daily diet, aim to eat a mix of staple foods such as wheat, maize, rice and potatoes with legumes like lentils and beans, plenty of fresh fruit and vegetable,  foods from animal sources (e.g. meat, fish, eggs and milk).

Choose wholegrain foods like unprocessed maize, millet, oats, wheat and brown rice when you can; they are rich in valuable fibre and can help you feel full for longer.

For snacks, choose raw vegetables, unsalted nuts and fresh fruit, rather than foods that are high in sugars, fats or salt.

Cut back on salt

Too much salt can raise blood pressure, which is a leading risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Most people around the world eat too much salt: on average, we consume double the WHO recommended limit of 5 grams (equivalent to a teaspoon) a day.

Even if we don’t add extra salt in our food, we should be aware that it is commonly put in processed foods or drinks, and often in high amounts. Check the labels on food and go for products with lower sodium content.

Reduce use of certain fats and oil

We all need some fat in our diet, but eating too much – especially the wrong kinds – increases risks of obesity, heart disease and stroke.  Industrially-produced trans fats are the most hazardous for health. A diet high in this kind of fat has been found to raise risk of heart disease by nearly 30%.

Choose white meat like poultry and fish which are generally lower in fats than red meat, trim meat of visible fat and limit the consumption of processed meats.

Try steaming or boiling instead of frying food when cooking.

Check labels and always avoid all processed, fast and fried foods that contain industrially-produced trans fat. It is often found in margarine and ghee, as well as pre-packaged snacks, fast, baked and fried foods.

Limit sugar intake

Too much sugar is not only bad for our teeth, but increases the risk of unhealthy weight gain and obesity, which can lead to serious, chronic health problems.

Some tips to reduce sugar intake:

Limit intake of sweets and sugary drinks such as fizzy drinks, fruit juices and juice drinks, liquid and powder concentrates, flavoured water, energy and sports drinks, ready-to-drink tea and coffee and flavoured milk drinks.

Choose healthy fresh snacks rather than processed foods.

Avoid giving sugary foods to children. Salt and sugars should not be added to complementary foods given to children under 2 years of age, and should be limited beyond that age.

Avoid hazardous and harmful alcohol use

Alcohol is not a part of a healthy diet, but in many cultures New Year’s celebrations are associated with heavy alcohol consumption. Overall, drinking too much, or too often, increases your immediate risk of injury, as well as causing longer-term effects like liver damage, cancer, heart disease and mental illness.

WHO advises that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption; and for many people even low levels of alcohol use can still be associated with significant health risks .

Remember, less alcohol consumption is always better for health and it is perfectly OK not to drink.

 

Revealed: How Avocado Seed Husk Shields You from Cancer, Heart Disease

2

Several studies have validated the various health benefits of eating Avocado, but a recent study has just introduced a new dimension into the health merits of the wonder fruit, claiming the seed husk of Avocado offers a lot more benefits than the flesh.

Described as an untapped ‘gold mine’ which is usually discarded along with the seed, the husk is said to be rich in medicinal compounds that could prevent the growth of malignant tumours and the build-up of fat inside our arteries. These could be used to improve treatments for cancer, heart disease and a host of debilitating diseases.

Sliced Pieces of Avocado

The study presented at the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Washington, DC, and reported on DailyMailOnline, noted that the least appreciated part of the fruit, would soon undergo a trash-to-treasure process, and could be used in cosmetics, perfumes and other consumer goods.

To arrive at the findings, the researchers ground about 300 dried avocado seed husks into 21 ounces of powder. After additional processing, the powder yielded around three teaspoons of seed husk oil and slightly more than an ounce of seed husk wax.

Avocado seed husk

After conducting some experiments in the lab, the research team found 116 compounds in the oil and 16 in the wax. Interestingly, many of the compounds don’t appear to be found in the seeds themselves.

Among the constituents in the oil was heptacosane, which might inhibit the growth of tumour cells, according to the team. It also contains dodecanoic acid, which increases high density lipoprotein (known as HDL) and, as a result, could reduce the risk of atherosclerosis – the build-up of fatty material inside your arteries that can eventually cause life-threatening problems such as heart attacks and strokes.

Additionally, the team found behenyl alcohol – also known as docosanol – an important ingredient used in antiviral medications and treatments to cold sores/fever blisters.

 

 

 

Moxonidine?  which of the responses is (are) correct.

6

1     is a centrally acting antihypertensive drug

2     acts on the imidazoline receptors

3     should not be used in patients hypersensitive to ACE inhibitors

 

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E    if 3 only is correct

Study Links Noisy Workplace to Heart Diseases

1

Researchers from the United States Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have found that aside from constituting hearing impairment, a noisy work environment can lead to heart diseases like hypertension and high cholesterol.

The scientists, who embarked on the study to establish the effects of noisy workplace on human health, recently published their findings in the American Journal of Industrial Medicine.

According to the director of the institute, Dr John Howard: “Reducing workplace noise level is critical not just for hearing loss prevention — it may also impact blood pressure and cholesterol”.

Study links noisy workplace to heart diseases
Construction workers at work

The findings, reported on Medical News Today revealed in addition to the established hearing hazard brought about by noisy office environment, stressed that high cholesterol and high blood pressure, or hypertension, are officially listed as top risk factors for heart diseases and many Nigerians have been affected by this work hazard.

Dr Howard thus urged “Worksite health and wellness programme officers to include screenings for high blood pressure and cholesterol for noise-exposed workers.”

Elizabeth Masterson and colleagues who conducted the research noted that when these relevant risk factors are reduced to the barest minimum, then the risk of heart diseases will as well be drastically reduced.

The findings, reported on Medical News Today revealed in addition to the established hearing hazard brought about by noisy office environment, stressed that high cholesterol and high blood pressure, or hypertension, are officially listed as top risk factors for heart diseases and many Nigerians have been affected by this work hazard. Dr Howard thus urged “Worksite health and wellness programme officers to include screenings for high blood pressure and cholesterol for noise-exposed workers." Elizabeth Masterson and colleagues who conducted the research noted that when these relevant risk factors are reduced to the barest minimum, then the risk of heart diseases will as well be drastically reduced.
Oil and gas engineers at work

To arrive at their findings, the scientists worked with data collected from their 2014 National Health Interview Survey, for better understanding of their respondents.

Their analysis revealed that 25 percent of workers in the United States had been exposed to potentially damaging levels of noise during their work history. Also, 14 percent of current workers in the country had been exposed to excessive noise at work over the past 12 months.

Elizabeth Masterson and colleagues also found that 12 percent of workers reported a hearing-related problem, while 24 percent of workers had hypertension, and 28 percent exhibited high cholesterol. Among those with hearing problems, 58 percent had acquired these issues due to exposure to high noise levels in the workplace.

“More surprisingly, many individuals with high blood pressure or high cholesterol also reported noise exposure. Thus, 14 out of 24 percent of the workers with hypertension, and 9 out of 28 percent of those with high cholesterol, had acquired these conditions in noisy workplaces”, the team stated.

Ranking industries according to their potential damaging levels of noise, the researchers named mining, construction, and manufacturing as the top three, with 61 percent, 51 percent, and 47 percent occupational noise prevalence, respectively.

“A significant percentage of the workers we studied have hearing difficulty, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol that could be attributed to noise at work,” Masterson notes.

“If noise could be reduced to safer levels in the workplace, more than 5 million cases of hearing difficulty among noise-exposed workers could potentially be prevented,” she adds.

While calling on the management of organisations, where employees are specifically exposed to damaging noise levels, to ensure regular screening for their staff members, the team leader said this will go along in reducing the incidence of heart diseases and hearing impairment among Nigerians.

 

 

Top Tips on How to Be Active At Workplace

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It is not uncommon for many executives to be desk- bound for 7-10 hours per day  at workplace, as their work nature warrants them to be seated for such long period to achieve their goals. However, studies have shown that sitting for an extended period is linked with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and an increased risk of death from heart disease and cancer.

For such busy executives, it is challenging for them to get up at intervals during work, as they regard such movements as distractions, but findings have even revealed that excessive sitting may slow down the process of converting food to energy in the human system.

Top Tips on How to Be Active At Workplace
A man cycling to his workplace

This is why it is imperative for officials to device means of reducing some of the health risks associated with elevated sedentary lifestyle.

Physical activities like cycling to work, having lunchtime walk, strolling round the office, going to the gym, and others, have been found effective by another study to prevent 1 in 12 deaths globally.

According to Medical News Today, below is a list of physical activities to keep you active at workplace:

Top Tips on How to Be Active At Workplace
People standing in the working place
  1. Cycle or walk to work

Cycling to workplace is linked to a reduced risk of death from all causes.

Depending on the location of your job and how far you work from home, try switching up how you get to and from work. Leave the car at home and cycle or walk instead.

When compared with commuting to work by car or public transport, cycling to work has been linked with a reduced risk of death from all causes, and a lower cancer risk.

Both cycling and walking to work have also been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

A morning ride to work could be just the tonic you’re looking for if you’d like to lose weight but don’t have the time or inclination to visit a fitness centre regularly.

  1. Stand up regularly

Something as simple as standing up now and then while at work could help curb the related health risks of sitting for too long.

Using a standing desk could help to improve cognitive function.

To reduce sedentary behaviour and time spent sitting at workplace, guidance was published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine in 2015 by experts.

The team concluded that office workers should stand up for at least 2 hours during their work day, with that target eventually reaching 4 hours, to break up prolonged sitting.

Researchers believe that incorporating standing and walking behaviours into the work day might be more doable for workers than targeted exercise.

  1. Move more

Moving more may sound like an obvious action to take when trying to be less sedentary, but, when in the depths of a taxing project, it’s easy for many hours to fly by without any sign of movement.

Take the stairs rather than the elevator to incorporate exercise into your working day.

Research has found that for every extra hour of sitting over 5 hours, waist size increased by 2 centimeters and the risk of cardiovascular disease by 0.2 percent.

Even when you’re sitting down, you don’t need to necessarily sit still; fidgeting in your seat could make all the difference.

A study led by the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom suggested that small movements — such as those involved in fidgeting — might counteract some of the adverse effects of prolonged sitting.

  1. Re-engineer the work environment

Incorporating physical activity into your working day has numerous health benefits, decreases work absence, and boosts cognitive abilities, mood, and productivity. Given all the positive outcomes of being less sedentary, your boss may be open to changing up the working environment to provide more options for movement.

Small desk movements can be encouraged by using a bounce ball to sit on.

Some firms are already offering stretch classes before work, yoga breaks during office hours, and lunchtime running groups to help workers to look after their well-being and increase work efficiency.

  1. Take an active lunch break

Rather than eating your lunch at your computer while checking your Smartphone and answering emails, take a break and do something physically active. You will go back to work feeling refreshed, revived, and more able to concentrate for the rest of the day.

Taking an active lunch break could help you go back to work refreshed and motivated.

Whether you go for a brisk walk, cycle, swim, or to your gym for an hour, doing exercise of any kind helps to break up your day and motivate you for your remaining hours in the office.

Workers who make time to engage in physical activity at workplace are also reported to be less likely to develop mental health deterioration, such as symptoms of depression and burnout, than those who do not engage in exercise.

 

 

which of the responses is (are) correct.

3

which of the responses is (are) correct. The interpretation of the results of the blood glucose tests for AX?

1     requires information on food intake for the past 16 h

2     indicates hyperglycaemia

3     may be affected by methylprednisolone therap

 

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E    if 3 only is correct

 

Eating of Dark Chocolate Boosts Brain Health-Studies Find

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Several studies have validated the fact that dark chocolate contains higher levels of flavonoids, which are a class of antioxidants that can protect our cells from damage and reduce inflammation. In addition to this, two recent studies have shown that eating a small portion of dark chocolate can have positive effects on the human brain.

The two studies presented at Experimental Biology 2018, held in San Diego, CA and due to be published in The FASEB Journal, revealed more facts into the benefits of dark chocolate for everyone.

Eating of Dark Chocolate Boosts Brain Health-Studies Find
Chocolate bar and power

According to the lead author of both studies, Lee Berk, who is the associate dean of research affairs in the School of Allied Health Professions at Loma Linda in California, dark chocolate which contains 70 percent cacao might have positive effects on the brain and immune system. “We suggest that this super food of 70 percent cacao enhances neuroplasticity for behavioral and brain health benefits”.

To arrive at their findings for the first study, the scientists enlisted five healthy participants, aged 22-40, made them eat 48 grams of dark chocolate each (70 percent cacao and 30 percent organic cane sugar), which is the equivalent to one small chocolate bar.

The report published on Medical News Today noted that before chocolate consumption and around 30 minutes and 120 minutes after, the subjects’ brain activity was measured using electroencephalography, and it was found that eating the dark chocolate led to a beneficial increase in gamma frequency in the cerebral cortical regions of the brain, which the areas involved in memory and sensory are processing.

The second study also involved five healthy adults aged 25–50. They were asked to eat 48 grams of dark chocolate per day for a total of 8 days.

The report stated that “Blood samples were taken from the participants at study baseline. Follow-up blood samples were taken 2 hours after chocolate intake every day, as well as 7 days after baseline”.

It was found that eating dark chocolate led to an increase in the expression of genes involved in the activation of T cells, which are the white blood cells that help us to fight infection and disease.

The researchers also found that dark chocolate intake increased gene expression associated with neural signaling and sensory perception.

The take away from the findings is that, contrary to the widespread misconception that chocolate eating is associated with diabetes and only good for children, it is now established that dark chocolate is made of 70 percent  pure  cocoa  and 30 percent organic cane sugar, which is loaded with antioxidants that is highly beneficial to human health.

which of the responses is (are) correct. The aim(s) of treatment in rheumatoid arthritis is (are)?

10

1    to preserve functional ability

2    to prevent osteoporosis

3    to prevent hyperuricaemia

 

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E    if 3 only is correct

 

which of the responses is (are) correct. The use of methylprednisolone in AX?

7

1    results in suppression of cytokines

2    presents a rapid improvement in symptoms

3    should be continued orally for a few months

 

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E    if 3 only is correct

 

which of the responses is (are) correct. Biochemical investigations to monitor AX include?

4

1    C-reactive protein

2    erythrocyte sedimentation rate

3    rheumatoid factor

 

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E    if 3 only is correct

 

Rest is not a Luxury

0

Don’t feel guilty to take a rest any time you need it. If you need a rest, you deserve it. Relaxation or engaging in a refreshing activity is a necessity if you want to be productive in your work. God rested after the creation processes. “And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made, and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made” (Genesis 2:2 NKJ).

Do you know that God wants even animals and the land to rest like human beings? Exodus 23:10 -12 says, “Six years you shall sow your land and gather its produce, but the seventh year you shall let it rest and lie fallow…Six days you shall do your work, and on the seventh day you shall rest, that your ox and your donkey may rest

” Every wise farmer understands the principle of crop rotation so that the soil can replenish at least one growing season. It has been found that the soil from the fields that were not left uncultivated every seventh year yielded less nutritional solids than the ones that were left fallow the seventh year.

Mind your own gift
Sir, Ifeanyi Atueyi

In Mark 6:30-31, Jesus demonstrated this principle of rest after work. After the apostles narrated to Him the successful ministration they had, Jesus simply told them, “Let’s go off by ourselves to a quiet place and rest awhile.” Following this incidence, I regard rest as a reward for accomplishing a task. For example, whenever I complete writing an article as planned, I congratulate and reward myself with a good refreshing break. I get out of my office, stretch my body, take some water, walk around the premises, talk to people and breathe fresh air.

This principle of rest after an activity is an important one for our health. Rest is crucial to the health of the body. Sleep is an absolute and undeniable necessity of life.  As our energy level goes down and wastes accumulate, we experience fatigue and a desire for rest. During rest, energy is restored, and the waste buildup is diminished. Rest and sleep are dependent on upon our ability to relax. The person who is tense is not relaxing, and therefore cannot really rest. Fatigue is protective in that it serves to make us aware of our need for rest. As fatigue increases, efficiency and performance decrease. Other factors like overeating, lack of exercise, stress, stale air, and not drinking enough water can produce fatigue.

Rest or relaxation slows the heart rate, reduces blood pressure, and slows the rate of breathing, which reduces the need for oxygen, increases blood flow to the muscles and decreases muscle tension. Rest or relaxation results in more energy, better sleep, increased concentration, greater efficiency, better problem-solving abilities, less headaches and pain.

We all need a rest, or break, from the routine of our major activities. When you are sick or diseased, your body is giving signs that it is time to rest from work. It is also trying to tell you to rest from foods that are difficult to digest.  Stop drinking coffee and eating foods that are high in sugar and caffeine, which may help you to keep on working. Coffee, kola nuts and cigarettes provide artificial stimulation, but without recuperation. The underlying fatigue is still there.

Serious fatigue can manifest as general breakdown of the body.   Sometime ago, a friend returned from Vienna,  Austria, for the burial of his mother  and  had a very hectic time with his people he abandoned for about fifteen  years. Throughout the period at home, he was involved in one problem or the other and did not have enough rest or sleep. The feeding was poor and he even had bouts of malaria attack. When he returned to Lagos on his way back to Vienna, he had lost some weight and looked depressed. He took a night flight to resume work the following morning. Two days after, he phoned me from a hospital where he was on admission. Diagnosis: excessive fatigue.

Rest is so important to life that the vital organs are designed with built-in rest periods. The heart rests between each beat, and the lungs between each breath. The stomach rests between meals. The central nervous system is recharged during sleep. Rest and relaxation cannot take the place of sleep. Human beings are designed to be awake during the day and asleep at night. Wakefulness and sleepiness are normally controlled by enzymes and hormone systems within the body. The “internal clocks” can be adjusted forward or backward. They may be also be ignored, but not without negative consequences. Besides giving us the night for regular sleep, the Creator programmed human beings and animals to rest completely every seventh day.

Studies have shown that we need 7-9 hours of sleep per night to maintain good health.  Going to bed early (before 10.00 pm) is conducive to health. It has been found out that one hour of sleep before midnight is worth two after midnight.

Getting enough rest can help you to effectively cope with stress. When we are burdened with thoughts and worry, they have adverse effects in our bodies. Taking time to absolutely do nothing and rest our minds can have wonderful health benefits. It is during this time of rest that we are free to recuperate, recharge, meditate and contemplate.

There are many things that cause us to lose our rest – anxieties, troubles, insecurity, businesses, greed, covetousness, fear of unknown etc.  This is why Jesus says, “Come unto me, all ye that labour and heavy laden, and I will give you rest (Matt. 11:28).

 

 

 

which of the responses is (are) correct.

4

which of the responses is (are) correct. The medication review once the patient is stabilised should assess the need for continuation of treatment with:

1    potassium supplementation

2    perindopril

3    warfarin

 

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E    if 3 only is correct

 

Herbs,Drug Interactions and the Pharmacist

1

For thousands of years many cultures have used herbs and plants not only as food but also to treat illnesses. WHO estimates that eighty percent of the world’s population uses some form of herbal medicine for some aspect of their primary healthcare and about one-forth of all conventional medicines including roughly 120 of the most commonly prescribed drugs contain some ingredient derived from plants.

Ancient cultures had no idea why herbs worked they simply knew that certain plants produced desired results. Several herbs are foods- e.g. Ginger, Garlic or food like in nature. The use of spice and herbs may also have developed in response to the threat of food borne pathogens, especially here in the tropics- where pathogens are most abundant- recipes are highly spiced and spices with the most potent antimicrobial activity tend to be selected.

 

Herbal medicine also known as phytotherapy or phytomedicine refers to the using  of a plants leaves, seeds, berries, roots, bark or flowers for medicinal purposes. Phytomedicine is a recently coined term referring to a herbal medicine which is whole plant product rather than a single isolated compound Researchers found that people in different parts of the world tend to use the same or similar plants for the same purposes. An estimated ninety percent Nigerians are on herbal products.

In the early nineteen century when chemical analysis first became available scientists began to modify and extract active ingredients; later chemists began making their own versions of plant compounds thus herbal medicines declined in favor of drugs. It is interesting to know that the pharmaceutical industry was originally based on the ability to isolate these ingredients and make them available in the purer form. Many herbs contain powerful medicines Some common drugs derived from plants include:

Atropine-from Belladonna leaves

Colchicine-from Autumn crocus

Digoxin-from Foxglove

Ephedrine-From Ephedra

Morphine-from Opium poppy

Quinine-from Cinchona bark

Vinblastin, vincristine-From Periwinkle

In 2001 researchers identified one hundred and twenty two compounds used in mainstream medicine derived from ethno-medical plant sources. Notably 80% of these compounds were used in the same or related manner as the traditional ethno medical use.

 

Furthermore, God working through nature provides other ingredients in the same herbs to balance the more powerful ingredients; these other components ,less potent, may act as buffers, synergists or counterbalances working in harmony with the more powerful ingredients. In many cases, scientists are not sure of what specific ingredient works to treat a condition , whole herbs may contain many active ingredients that work together to produce a beneficial effect. Western standards favor a single active ingredient while herbs contain several active ingredients that work together to perform a specific effect .The herbal product derived from a whole plant is considered the active entity though it may contain hundreds of individual active components A number of factors determine how effective a herb will be; The type of environment-soil quality on which the plant grew and how it was harvested and processed. The potency of herbs varies on the climate and soil condition where they are grown A growing body of research has pointed to the therapeutic potential of various herbs-  a case of note, here in Nigeria is ciklavit containing cajanus cajan and Niclosan are used in the management of sickle cell anemia; indeed nature’s pharmacy is an abundant one.

 

All plants produce chemical compounds as part of their normal metabolic activities .These are divided into primary and secondary metabolites; primary metabolites are sugars and fats, secondary metabolites include toxins, pheromones phytoalexins, and allelochemicals. Plants upregulate and downregulate their biochemical paths in response to a local mix of herbivores, pollinators, and microorganisms .The chemical profile of a single plant may vary over time as it reacts to changing conditions Plant synthesize a bewildering array of  phytochemicals.it is these secondary metabolites and pigments that have therapeutic actions in humans and are refined to produce drugs. Sick animals tend to forage plants rich in secondary metabolites such as tannins and alkaloids since these phytochemicals often have antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antihelmintic properties.

 

Until about one hundred and fifty years ago all medicines were derived from natural remedies; indigenous rain forest tribes rely on the rain forests for all their medicines. Researchers estimate that the rain forests contain literally thousands of useful medicinal herbs. Starting from 1975 and accelerating during the past few years many people have turned to herbs; hence their usage as alternative to drugs has increased dramatically .This revival in herbal medicine is due to disillusionment with modern medicines, the side effects of modern drugs and the belief that natural remedies are superior to a man made ones. In  the last twenty years public disaffection with the cost of prescription drugs has also given rise to an interest in returning to natural or organic remedies and have led to an increase in herbal drug use. Many are looking towards natural herbal medicines to address their health concerns without having to dish out hundreds of naira for treatment. Herbs are increasingly used with other drugs rather than in place of drugs raising concerns about interaction of drugs and herbs. Most patients before coming to the pharmacy or seeing the doctors have already taken or are still on herbs . Many don’t tell their health care provider of herbs that they are taking concurrently. – nearly 70% of those taking herbal drugs –most are well educated- are reluctant to tell. Why? The Health practitioner responds negatively, shows disinterest and could ridicule them. The pharmacist cannot sit on the sidelines. He must be informed as regards potential herb drug interaction to adequately counsel his patients. During the preliminary consultation with the patients it is obligatory for the health practitioner to know if patients is on herbs and what herbs he is on; Often, patients neglect to report the use of herbal products because they underestimate the significance of these products to the whole clinical picture. This is in addition to their reluctance to divulge information about the use of unorthodox drug therapies to people seen as conventional healthcare providers. Unfortunately, a lot of medical professionals don’t know much more  about complementary or herbal medicine than their patients- according to a survey .Most are just as poorly informed about herbal medicines as the general public and many medical experts exhibit a lack of interest in asking if the patient is taking herbal medicines; many do not ask because they do not know how to respond.  Several, even if they knew, would not know how to assess or use such information. Research has shown most healthcare practitioners lack knowledge to provide guidance on herbs, leading to a worrying conflict with patient expectation as more people seek help from alternative health care practitioners as well as conventional health care providers. On the other hand, most patients feel that prescribed medications will be effective in treating them if combined with herbal remedies yet other patients feel that herbs reduce the side effects of modern drugs Today Herbal alternative medicine is  considered another solution to address a growing number of health related concerns even though the effectiveness of many herbal remedies remains unproven.

 

A lot of herbalists concede that pharmaceuticals are more effective in emergency situations when time is the essence. However, they claim over long time herbs can help prevent disease and provide nutrition and immunological support that pharmaceuticals lack. They reject the notion of a single active ingredient arguing that the different phytochemicals present in many herbs will interact to enhance the therapeutic effect and dilute toxicity. They argue that a single Herb may contribute multiple effects and it is generally assumed that the specific combination of secondary metabolites in the plant are responsible for the activity claimed or demonstrated in a concept known as synergy. However, the herb industry remains unregulated and without adequate quality control many herbs carry inadequate or inaccurate labeling therefore it is mandatory to advice patients to make sure label states specific percentages, amounts and strengths of active ingredients. Buying standardized herbal supplements helps ensure the right dose is given., herbal products are often mislabeled and may contain additives or contaminants not listed ; some may interact with conventional drugs and are toxic if used improperly or at high dose- others may contain high levels of heavy metals including lead, mercury and cadmium.

 

Herbs can interact with pharmaceutical drugs and alter their effectiveness some effects range from the simply annoying to the deadly.

 

These interactions, in turn ,can increase or decrease the effectiveness of administered drugs. Some interactions are obvious and others are gradual and subtle and result over a period of time. The potential for herbs to impact the effectiveness of conventional drugs is one of the major issues facing health care practitioners today.

 

Drug/Herb interaction may be the result of various processes these may include alteration in the pharmacokinetics of the drug, such as alterations in the absorption distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug ; such absorption may be affected by drugs that change the PH of the stomach .Antacids may neutralize, decrease or inhibit secretion of  stomach acid. Drugs such as metoclopramide may increase GIT motility and possibly decrease absorption of herbs and Haloperidol decreases GIT motility and increases absorption of herbs. Therefore it may be pertinent to decrease the dosage of herbs when a patient takes a drug that decreases the GIT motility and so increase overall absorption and increase the dosage of herb when a patient takes a drug that increases GI motility and decreases overall absorption .A notable system,  the enzyme comprising the cytochrome p 450 oxidases may be affected by enzyme induction or inhibition. it is the most common enzyme system within the liver used to convert a drug or herb into another chemical; interference at one or more subtypes of this enzyme could cause more or less of a constituent to be available to the body and so may cause overdose or underdose. An instance of this is St john’s wort used for depression which may decrease the effectiveness of antiviral drugs in HIV patients. St John’s wort affects the metabolism of convectional medications by affecting liver enzyme function. Pharmacogenetic variation may affect drug metabolism. Several metabolizing enzymes are subject to genetic variation in activity and this can lead to differences in rate of clearance of herb from the plasma. Pharmacogenetic variations are relatively common and may vary significantly between races.slow metabolizers are likely to develop adverse effects while fast metabolizers may never attain therapeutic concentrations of the drug.

 

Interactions may be the result of pharmacodynamic properties of the drug eg coadministation of a receptor antagonist or agonist for the same receptor

Drug herb interaction significantly affect circulating levels of the drug and hence alter chemical outcome- the identification of  drugs that interact with commonly used herbal remedies has important implications in drug development.

 

Much research is needed in herbal therapy to examine individual plant constituents and to determine how plants interact with foods and drugs. When drugs are prescribed the dosage and quality of the product is more or less assured such is not he case with herbs nevertheless they have been found to be an effective form of therapy.

 

The risk of drug /herb interactions increases with the number of products consumed

For 2 products risk is 6%

For 5 products risk is 50%

For 8 products risk is 100%

Concerns about Herb drug interactions are multiplied for those patients taking multiple medications often prescribed by multiple physicians who may or may not be in communication with one another concerning their medical reasoning.

The line that separates herbs and drugs has been blurred in recent decades with increased accessibility to different treatment modalities; it is not uncommon for a patient to seek care from several doctors for an ailment as a result patients take multiple drugs, herbs and vitamins. An increasing percent of public is using herbs, most of the time on the urgings of relatives, friends, and colleagues. In many cases herbs are used supportively to maintain health while a person is on drug therapy. Ironically, herbal remedies are now available for everything making the ability to self medicate greater than ever.

 

The mechanism of action of many herbs has not been determined: Therefore the exact mechanisms of Drug-Herb interactions are also unknown. To prevent herbs from binding with drugs the drug should be taken one hour before or two hours after herbal products Patients must be advised to stop all herbal products 5-seven days before surgery, this is because there is no pharmacokinetic data on how long it takes for herbal products to be cleared from the body .if patient is having emergency surgery procedure he must counseled to avoid  herbs that affect clotting time e.g.  garlic, ginger ,gingko,  ginseng.

 

All drugs with a narrow therapeutic Index   e.g. cyclosporin, digoxin ,lithuim, phenytoin, warfarin amitryptiline,indavir -some are substrates for cytochrome p 450 system and may have either an increased adverse effects or less effective when  used with herbal products- it is important to note that some that herbal products may have been consumed in the form of teas. Concerns are raised with regard to the use of laxatives because of the possibility of reducing potassium levels –when combined with drugs that act on the heart and are sensitive to potassium levels . The pharmacists with his  insights into pharmacology can foresee possible interactions and take precautions to avoid incompatibilities. Several clinically. Important drugs have been identified that interact with commonly used herbs.

 

Drug herb interactions can significantly affect levels of the drug and hence clinical outcome.

 

Pharmacist must be a good source of information both to the health professional and to the layman and a veritable source of information in accessing potential for herb /drug interactions. Identification of drugs that interact with commonly used herbal remedies is very significant in designing a drug therapy .In addition, it is important to know formula of ingredients prescribed not just what formulas are used for and dosing patterns. The community  health practitioner  must make it a point of responsibility to  understand every drug that his patient is taking in addition to knowing the herbs he wants to prescribe-that is after doing the normal history, exam and diagnosis.  Then, he can construct a herbal formula to maximize the patients benefits. High risk patients such as the elderly, patients taking three or more medications for chronic conditions, patients who are diabetic are at risk. In some cases a drug herb interaction occurs because a herb is misused, taken in high doses or combined with a medication that has similar effect –eg combining blood thinning drugs with blood thinning herbs.

 

Some interactions are immediately obvious and some are gradual and subtle over a period of time. Some drugs have been identified that interact with commonly used herbal remedies : To find out if there is any known interaction between the drug and the herb put the drugs name and herb into google scholar www.scholar.google.com

Or go to www.integrative.com and plug in either drug or herb to see their interactions also determine if there are any theoretical interactions by having a basic knowledge of basic fundamental  pharmacology .

 

It is necessary to know the ADME scheme and the therapeutic index. The ADME scheme encompasses how a drug acts within the body and includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. If there are known or potential interactions find an alternative. While, in some situations, a pharmacist may have little control over the pharmaceuticals that our patients take. The pharmacist can look at the herbs he wants to prescribe and potentially change them to safer similar herbs or even take them completely off. Once a formula has been determined and the risk minimized the dose should be prescribed at minimal levels and the dose slowly increased. Patients should be advised to discontinue if side effects develop. The dose can be increased if there are no negative reactions until the desired dose is achieved; this can take a couple of weeks- taking into account age, weight and condition of the patient. The pharmacist can make a brochure to discuss with patients and thus allay their fears this means better compliance and better outcomes.

 

It should be noted, however, that Herbs are no substitute for healthy lifestyle and good nutrition as more people switch over to herbs instead of or in addition to their prescription medicines.

 

 

SOME COMMONLY USED HERBS AND THEIR DRUG INTERACTION PROFILE

Name of Herb Usage            Interaction /  Effect

 

Alfalfa

Medicago sativa

As a diuretic,anti-inflammatory and antifungal. lowers cholesterol alkalizes and detoxifies the body.  Warfarin activity may be lowered because of high content of vitamin K in the herb. With chloropromazine and tetracycline there is increased photosensitivity.
Aloe

Aloe vera

Antifungal,Antibacterial,and Antiviral useful also in AIDS, Cancer ,Hemorrhoids Amenorrhea.  Aloe has hydrocollloidal carbohydrate component and as such is apt to bind with drugs; particularly when consumed in whole or powdered form to prevent this drugs should be taken one hour before or two hours after this  product. It can also cause diarrhea reducing the action of drugs that have a narrow therapeutic index.
Cascara sagrada

 Frangula  purshiana

Chronic constipation.

Acts as a colon cleanser and laxative

It can cause body water and salt imbalances fatty stools and laxative dependency.
Cinnamon

cinnamomum zeylandicum

Counteracts congestion and aids peripheral circulation .Enhances digestion. Useful in diabetes, yeast infection. can cause increased intestinal activity.
Cofee

Cofea arabica

To increase alertness. side effects include fast pulse, insomnia, restlessness, muscle twitches and tremors.
Cola

Cola nitida

cola acuminata

Mood and personality disorders

To increase alertness

To stimulate the heart.

Effects are yellow stains on teeth nervousness and restlessness.
Cranberry

Vaccinium macrocarpon

Used to prevent urinary tract infections. In diabetics-who are prone to urinary tract infections – if cranberry juice is used to prevent urinary tract infections only the sugar free variety should be used
Dong Quai

Angelica sinensis

mild sedative, laxative, diuretic .Used to manage hot flushes ,menopausal symptoms premenstrual symptoms.

 

With warfarin and low molecular weight heparins  alters bleeding times and should be stopped at least seven days before surgery.
Ephedra

Ephedra sinica/Ephedra nevadensis

Relieves congestion and aids in the elimination of fluids, relieves bronchial spasm and stimulates central nervous system. May decrease appetite and elevate mood. With cardiac glycosides it increases the likelihood of dysrhythmias.

With MAOIs and decongestants it enhances sympathetic activity and increases blood pressure.

With b blockers, other antihypertensives and antidepressants causes elevation of blood pressure, tachycardia and increased anxiety.

Evening primose

oenothera blennis

premenstrual syndrome, allergic skin reactions nervousness.  Because it promotes the production of estrogen women suffering from cancer that is diagonised as estrogen receptor positive should avoid or limit their intake of primrose oil. This herb can also cause blood clots and immune system suppression.
Garlic

Allium sativum

Detoxifies the body also protects against infection by enhancing immune function.

Lowers blood pressure/improves circulation

lowers blood lipid levels and stabilizes blood sugar levels.

With warfarin it increases bleeding tendency.

With antidiabetic drugs it increases the likelihood of hypoglycemia.

Gingko

Gingko biloba

Improves cognitive functions

in persons with Alzheimer’s disease / dementia. improves blood flow in persons with peripheral vascular disease

 Interacts with drugs affecting platelet activity such as warfarin  provoking bleeding disorders. With Antihypertensive thiazide diuretics there is reduced drug efficacy.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ginger

Zingiber officinale

Used as antinausea and antispasmodic, treatment of common cold Potent inhibitor of thromboxane synthetase thus it prolongs bleeding time particularly in tablet form.

 

Ginseng

panax  quinquefolius

Strengthens the adrenal and reproductive organs .It enhances immune function promotes lung functioning and stimulates the appetite. useful for bronchitis circulatory problems and diabetes. Interacts with drugs that lower blood sugar ie diabinese, glucophage-leading to potentially dangerous rise in drug efficacy

reduces the drug efficacy of immunosuppressants. it may interact with MAOIs to increase headache insomnia, tremulousness.

Green tea

Camellia sinensis

Acts as an antioxidant and helps to protect agaisnt cancer.shows promise as a weight loss aid Interacts with milk- milk may bind with the beneficial compounds making them unavailable to the body. Green tea decreases calcium absorption it should be ingested two hours before or after mineral.

Caution: contains a small amount of caffeine, so should not be used by pregnant or nursing mothers

Guarana

paullinia cupana

Contains high caffeine content

aids weight loss and body building,to stimulate the nervous system

Curbs appetite

Due to its caffeine content taking more than 6oomg is not recommended for people with high blood pressure or heart conditions.may potientiate the action of B blockers contains theophylline and should not be used concurrently
jojoba

simmondsia chinesis

Used externally to treat conditions such as dry skin,dryscalp, psoriasis and to promote hair growth. For external use only.
Kava Kava

piper methysticum

 it relieves tension anxiety, nervousness without affecting alertness. It acts as a dopamine antagonist and may increase tremor and make medications less effective. It also enhances the effect of alcohol, tranquilizers and antidepressants.
Lemon grass

cymbopogon citratus

Acts as an astringent tonic and digestive aid . Relatively safe however contains iron which may potentiate the effect of ferrous containing tonics.
Rose hips

Rosa canina

 

To boost immune system Also as an antioxidant and to promote wound healing. Rose hips contains high vitamin C such doses can interfere with home glucose tests.
Saw palmetto

Serenoa repens

Acts as a diuretic urinary antiseptic and appetite stimulant Inhibits dihydrotestosterone which contributes to the enlargement of the prostrate. With blood thinners it causes a potential dangerous rise in drug efficacy. Tannic acids in it may inhibit the absorption of iron so it should be taken two hours before or two hours after meal .

 

Senna

cassia acutifolia

Used in constipation. using senna with  calcium channel blockers may alter its action and cause unwanted side effects
St john’s wort

Hypericum perforatum

used for depression and nerve pain

Helps control stress.

current research suggests it acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor so concurrent use of it and SSRIs is contraindicated.

patients are advised to wait 2 weeks after taking an SSRI before taking it or between stopping it and taking an SSRI.

With barbiturates and benzodiazepines has synergistic effect, increases sedative effect and may result in coma.

With cholesterol lowering drugs it potentiates adverse effects.

A component of St john’s wort –hyperforin- has profound effect on liver enzymes –the cytochrome p450system of the liver- kicking these enzymes into high gear thus with;

Digoxin can reduce serum levels by as much as 25% reducing efficacy.  In protease inhibitors such as Indanavir used in HIV infection there  may be  reduced levels of the drug leading to drug resistance and hence treatment failure.

Caution-large amounts can cause heightened sun sensitivity

 

 

Finally,herbs can interact with one another in strange ways; sometimes they enhance each others effects such that the net effect is much greater than a simple addition of individual actions. Sometimes, they interact to produce completely new actions creating an action vector that points to a different direction than simple summation of two vectors. At other times, interactions may create toxic effects not present in either herb alone.

Researchers estimate that the world’s rainforest contain literally thousands of potentially useful herbs. Today, and all over the world, medicinal herbs are available in different forms as Tinctures and extracts, capsules and tablets, lozenges, teas, juices, vapour and inhalation treatments .herbal baths, poutices and compresses ,oils, ointments salves and rubs

Inspite of the influence of modern technology and orthodox medicine, man’s dependence on plant has in no way decreased . It is thus pertinent that the global recognition of nature’s green pharmacy should inspire individuals to protect this extraordinary resource. Nowhere is the diversity of the plant kingdom more evident than in the world’s tropical rain forests which supports more than half the total number of plant species on earth; yet only about one percent of rain forests have been studied.  It is noteworthy that from the thousands of plants identified as carrying potential anticancer compounds more than half are native to rain forests.  The rain forest is now highly prized for new medicinal compounds and many scientists are beginning to see the need to properly identify, study, and promote the conservation of plants for the benefit of humanity as very important. This is of particular significance to us here in Nigeria who are well endowed with rain forests.

By Arine Patrick

References

 

1.Kraft K complimentary and  Alternative medicines in the context of prevention of disease and maintenance of health.

2.Smith M Drug interactions with Natural health products / dietary supplements: A survival guide paper presented at complementary and alternative medicine: Implications for clinical practice and state of the science symposia; march 12,2000; boston,Mass.

3.Kuhn M.Complimentary Therapy-vol 4 No l Hamburg NY: Educational services ; April

2001.

4.Henney J.Risk of interactions with St john’s wort JAMA 2000;283:13

5.Charles W fetrow and juan Avila The complete guide to herbal medicines

6.Phyllis A.Balch Presciption for nutritional healing a practical A-Z reference to drug free remedies

7.Roger W.Wicke Herbalist review.Herb-Herbm and Herb drug interactions issue

http//www.Consumer reports health.com

8.Abdullahi Mann, Muhammed Gbate, Abdulkadir Nda Umar Medicinal and Economic plants of Nupeland 2003

Lanfear DE,Mclead HL pharmacogenetics: using DNA to optimize drug therapy .Am fam physician…….

Attitude is the Only Thing

1

-No amount of innovation can make a monkey to fly!

In business, I believe that the number one reason for success is high performance in sales. I also believe that the number one reason for failure in business is poor sales. Let me relate this thought to the topic of this article. Attitude is to life what high performance in sales is to business. Without high performance in sales, business will fail. Similarly, without a positive attitude, individuals will likely fail. I believe that a positive attitude is the ‘‘only’’ thing an individual needs on the ladder of sales success. I believe that other virtues are embedded in a positive attitude.

A positive attitude attracts positive things to the person involved. On the flip side, a negative attitude will attract negative things to the individual.

Brian Tracy- endorsed speaker and training consultant
George O. Emetuche

Folks flock around positive-minded people

Successful people who will take you to the next level in life observe attitudes before committing their time and resources. They spend time to discover your personality type before investing the needed commitment in the relationship. This is experienced a lot in sales and business world. Customers and prospects take their time to study the attitude of salesmen and their companies before investing in such organisations. Successful organisations train their staff on people management skills. These skills are needed to get along with prospects, customers and various stakeholders in the organisation.

 

Attitude is a major factor

The concept of attitude is a broad topic in life and business. It touches all the facets of existence. I believe that attitude is a major determinant in the journey of life because it affects thinking, feelings, emotions, beliefs and actions. Attitude determines how an individual will handle an issue. It determines the choices an individual will go for in a given situation. The strength with which an attitude is held is often a good predictor of behaviour.

Everything begins and ends with attitude. Your mindset, thought process, approach or manner will determine a lot in your life. Positive or negative attitude is seen the same way anywhere in the world. The man or woman who follows the path of positive attitude will likely end as a successful person; same way, the man or woman who decides to follow the path that promotes negativity may not end a success.

I have written and spoken so much about this concept. I believe that attitude is a major determinant of what anyone will become in life. A positive attitude will likely affect life positively, while a negative attitude will possibly affect life negatively. This is logical and cannot be overemphasized. It has been proven in many situations. Many authorities agree that positive attitude leads to success.

 

Sow positive attitude

People often reap what they sow; what you plant is what you will harvest. You cannot give what you don’t have. These are popular maxims. The natural law follows this sequence. A child who is attentive to his schoolwork will likely do better than his classmate who is not serious-minded – when they are appraised under the same circumstance. This is why I believe that success and failure are predictable. A young man or woman who will be successful in life leaves a trail. No one stumbles on success! Attaining success is a summation of positive attitudes, character, integrity, hard work and other virtues that lead to success.

Becoming successful in life is a long walk. The journey is made easier when you embrace a positive attitude.  Legendary Zig Ziglar once said, ‘‘Your attitude, not your aptitude, will determine your altitude.’’ Dr Keth Herrel wrote a book and titled it, ‘‘Attitude Is Everything.’’  Dr Napoleon Hill said, ‘‘Life reflects your own thoughts back to you.’’ John C. Maxwell wrote, ‘‘People may hear your words, but they feel your attitude.’’ William James once said, ‘‘The greatest discovery of my generation is that a human being can alter his life by altering his attitudes of mind.” Thomas Jefferson said, ‘‘Nothing can stop the man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude.”

Les Brown wrote, ‘‘Most people fail in life not because they aim too high and miss, but because they aim too low and hit.’’ My mentor, Brian Tracy, puts it this way, ‘‘Your life only gets better when you get better.’’ I agree with these experts. I believe that attitude is not just everything, but the only thing. Everything begins from the way we think and the way we act. Once the thinking and the acting are apt, then success will come. Therefore, if you want to change your outcome, change the way you think and the way you act.

which of the responses is (are) correct. A low dose of perindopril is used because?

3

1    the patient is elderly

2    the risk of dehydration is very high

3    perindopril is being used as a prophylactic of cardiovascular events.

 

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E    if 3 only is correct

Wonders of the Waterleaf (Talinum triangulare)

3

Waterleaf (Talinum triangulare, Fam. Portulacea), a herbaceous annual and perennial plant is an edible leafy vegetable that is often neglected in Nigeria, and sometimes regarded as a nuisance or a weed that grows all year. It is called gbure in Yoruba, gbolodi in Ibo, ebe-dondon in Edo, and in English, it is nicknamed Philippine spinach, sweetheart, flame flower, Florida spinach and so on. This vegetable is originally from West Africa before spreading to other parts of the world such as Asia and South America.

As the name suggests, this green leafy vegetable has a high moisture content of approximately 90.8g per 100g of the leaf. Studies reveal that the waterleaf is rich in iron, thiamine, lead, copper, riboflavin and niacin. Preliminary phytochemical study on this vegetable by Ezekwe et al shows that it is a rich source of vitamin C, vitamin E, Omega -3 fatty acids, calcium, magnesium, soluble fibres (pectin), potassium, β-carotene, proteins and dietary fibre.

Waterleaf (Talinum triangulare)

Furthermore, Enete and Okon (2010) pointed out that waterleaf is a rich source of crude-protein (22.1%), crude fibre (11.12%) and ash (33.98%). All these vitamins and minerals contribute to high antioxidant values of the vegetable.

Culinary uses

Waterleaf is highly nutritious, refreshing and tasty. As such, it is used in several cuisines for preparing assorted dishes such as waterleaf soup, waterleaf stew, waterleaf sauce, waterleaf pizza,  vegetable soup (edikaikong, ofe mgbolodi, gbure, afang soup and so on). To prepare vegetable soup,  the young shoots and leaves of the waterleaf are usually combined with either corchorus (jute) leaves, fluted pumpkin leaves and gnetum africanum (okazi leaves). These types of vegetable soup are a popular soup in Igbo, Yoruba, Efik and Ibibio communities.

Waterleaf sauce can also be eaten with roasted yams, roasted plantains or roasted potatoes. Always remember not to overcook the vegetables in other to avoid significant loss of its vitamins and minerals contents.

Pharmacological actions

The waterleaf is excellent for diarrhea, liver enlargement, and hepatitis. It is an excellent immune booster to those who often feel weak and tired, and those prone to frequent attacks of malaria. In many scientific studies and trials, waterleaf showed that it can inhibit proliferation of cancerous cells, shrink tumours, fight insomnia, enhance brain activities, while also demonstrating cerebral-protective potential.

Waterleaf is said to have anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties, useful in weight reduction, constipation and indigestion. It is good and safe for pregnant women and growing children, as it boosts their blood levels. Eating waterleaf regularly as soup helps to regulate hypertension and diabetes.

Preparations

While waterleaf is very beneficial when it is taken as vegetable, dried herbs and infusion, the juice is more efficacious.  Pounded fresh waterleaf can also be used topically on inflammations.

Economics of waterleaf

In a study in Akwa Ibom, Anselem Enete and Ubokudom Okone reported that the average net income per hectare per waterleaf production cycle was ₦322,413 while the average total cost was ₦89,307.18. The profitability index (0.78), rate of returns on investment (361%), rate of returns on variable cost (482%), and operating ratio (0.21) suggest that waterleaf production was profitable in the study area.

Nya, Okorie and Eka revealed that there is scope to increase production and income from waterleaf farming in extensive and semi-intensive systems in southern Nigeria. By applying more inputs like improved cuttings, water irrigation, good cultivation tools and fertilizers in the study area, all farmers made more profit.

Caution with bitterleaf

The presence of 90% of the oxalate in a soluble form can induce kidney stones if taken in excess.

Waterleaf also contains hydrocyanic acid, thus this vegetable should be consumed raw in small quantities only, and it is not recommended for livestock.

Avoid the use of this vegetable in infant foods, since it contains nitrates and nitrites, which are not removed by cooking.

Waterleaf is rich in saponins, which are poorly absorbed and removed in the cooking process.

Most of the oxalate and hydrocyanic acid are destroyed by cooking.

Conclusion

Waterleaf is a very important plant that has aesthetic, culinary, health and economic benefits. More attention should be paid to this plant to harness all its benefits that touch different aspects of our lives.

which of the responses is (are) correct.

5

which of the responses is (are) correct. Parameters that should be monitored include?

1    serum potassium levels

2    plasma digoxin concentration

3    ventricular rate at rest

 

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E      if 3 only is correct

 

The Bitterness of Sweet Sugar

3

Do you know that those sugary food and drinks you cherish may be killing you slowly? This is the bitter truth about sugar. Recent studies have shown that diets high in sugar are strongly linked to an increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, elevated triglycerides, low HDL (good) cholesterol, cancer, and heart disease. Sugar intake has also been linked to depression, migraine, poor eyesight, arthritis, gout, and osteoporosis.

 

At least half of the sugar we consume come from soft drinks, fruit drinks, and sports drinks. The rest come into our diets in the form of cakes, ice cream, cookies, chocolate milk, ketchup, sweets and even breakfast cereals. Do you have the willpower to say no to these items of food and drinks and preserve our health?

 

Mind your own gift
Sir, Ifeanyi Atueyi

Some people consume brown sugar thinking it is safer. Raw sugar comes from sugar cane. It is brownish because of molasses. Manufacturers bleach the sugar to remove the molasses and this makes the sugar white. White sugar is actually 99.9% pure sucrose while brown sugar is 97% sucrose, 2% water and other substances. The molasses in brown sugar contain a number of minerals, which include calcium, potassium, magnesium and iron in small quantities. Both brown and white sugar do not contain much to promote health.

 

Sugar is both a fat and a carbohydrate and this uniqueness drives obesity-related disease rates world-wide. Sugar is 50% glucose and 50% fructose. Glucose is the form of energy your body is designed to run on. Every cell in your body uses glucose for energy, and it’s metabolised in every organ of your body. About 20% of glucose is metabolised in your liver. Fructose, on the other hand, can only be metabolised by your liver, because your liver is the only organ that has the transporter for it. Therefore, consumption of high amounts of fructose ends up taxing and damaging your liver in the same way alcohol and other toxins do. In fact, fructose is virtually identical to alcohol with regard to the metabolic havoc it wreaks.

 

Dr. Robert Lustig, a professor of paediatrics at the University of California San Fransisco, USA, and his research team recently published their research findings titled “Sugar: The Bitter Truth.” in Nature. They argued that “added sweeteners pose dangers to health that justify controlling them like alcohol.” According to Lustig, “fructose is a chronic dose-dependent liver toxin.” And just like alcohol, fructose is metabolised directly into fat – not cellular energy, like glucose. Consequently, eating fructose is really like eating fat. It just gets stored in your fat cells, which leads to mitochondrial malfunction.

 

People do not know that sugar is toxic and addictive. Researchers say that sugar and the taste of sweet is said to stimulate the brain by activating beta endorphin receptor sites, the same chemicals activated in the brain by ingestion of heroin and morphine.

 

Heavy consumers of sugar develop tolerance (needing more and more to have the same effect) which is a symptom of substance dependence. Common long-term effects of sugar addiction include fatigue, pain, obesity, mental maladies, weakened immune system, chronic fatigue, hormonal and gastrointestinal problems.

 

People need to know why eating a large amount of sugar is detrimental. Education is key in reducing sugar consumption. Of course, commercial interest will make manufactures of sugar and sugar products to continue to promote heavy consumption of sugar. Ignorant parents will continue to feed their children with sweet sugar products.

 

The amount of soft drinks some people consume is excessive. These soft drinks come in various attractive colours to entice people. But most of them contain 6 to 10 cubes of sugar. These are not health-promoting but health-destroying. Some fruit juices contain added sugar. When they claim it does not contain added sugar, sugar substitutes may be used. These also have their own health implications. Therefore, consumption of these drinks must be drastically reduced. Don’t drink soft drinks to quench your thirst as I used to do when I was ignorant. Drink clean water.

 

Sometime ago, I talked to a relation on the dangers of sugar consumption. He listened attentively and at end of my unsolicited counselling, he simply said, “Mr. Atueyi, something must kill somebody.” I replied to him, “You’re correct. I cannot fault your statement. But why should you allow what you know that can kill you to render you useless and eventually kill you? Why do you allow a situation you can control to overpower and control you?”

 

One critical responsibility of every person is the preservation of the body created by God. We know that we have to give account of the talents and gifts God has given to us to serve Him but we don’t seem to realise that we have to give account of the physical body also. St. Paul said, “Don’t you realise that your body is the temple of the Holy Spirit, who lives in you and was given to you by God? You do not belong to yourself, for God bought you with a high price. So you must honour God with your body” (1 Cor. 6:19-20).

 

You do not honour God with your body when you load it with excess sugar because it is sweet, not because it provides nutrition. In Romans 2:1-2, Paul again said, “And so, dear brothers and sisters, I plead with you to give your bodies to God because of all he has done for you. Let them be a living and holy sacrifice – the kind he will find acceptable. This is truly the way to worship him. “When Paul prayed for Christians in Thessalonica, he said, “Now may the God of peace make you holy in every way, and may your whole spirit and soul and body be kept blameless until our Lord Jesus Christ comes again” (1 Thess. 5:23).

 

 

 

 

 

 

which of the responses is (are) correct. Drugs that could alter QT interval in an ECG include?

3

1    amitriptyline

2    lithium

3    fluoxetine

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E    if 3 only is correct

How NAFDAC’s Return to the Ports Enhanced Control of Unregistered Drugs- Prof. Adeyeye

2

The Director General, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) Prof. Christianah M. Adeyeye, has explained how the agency’s return to the ports, has significantly improved activities involving the control of importation of drugs, foods, chemicals, detergents, cosmetics, and packaged water.

Prof. Adeyeye, also attributed the rapid progress made by the agency in intercepting scores of tramadol containers and other illicit pharmaceuticals, to the support from the office of National Security Adviser, engagement with the Nigeria Customs Service (NCS), and support from the Comptroller General and officers of the NCS, as well as the agency’s paradigm shift to customer-focused and agency-minded .

NAFDAC Impounds 23 Containers of Tramadol, Other Unregistered Pharmaceuticals
NAFDAC Head office, Lagos

“Acting on intelligence reports in September 2018 and in collaboration with the NCS, NAFDAC monitored and intercepted 30 containers (between September and November) of unregistered pharmaceutical products that were destined for Nigeria. Prior to this time, 53 containers (in Lagos Ports) and 9 (in Onne, Rivers State) of unregistered pharmaceuticals were intercepted with the support of the Nigeria Customs Service. Of these latter containers, some have been examined while some are still waiting for examination”, she stated.

The NAFDAC boss, through a statement from her office, expressed the profound gratitude of the Council and Management of NAFDAC to the Nigeria Customs Service under the leadership of the Comptroller General, Col. Hammed Ibrahim Ali (Rtd.) for renewed and consistent support and collaboration the agency receives from their office.
The statement reads in part:
“The release of these containers into the country would have wrecked more havoc to our society and the youth in particular. Subsequently, the Nigeria Customs Service called for a joint inspection/examination of the intercepted and blocked containers.
“Upon examinations, the detained containers were found to contain tramadol of high strengths and other unregistered medicines. Keeping to its mandate, NAFDAC thereafter seized the containers at the ports for possible evacuation and destruction. It is worth mentioning that one of the containers destined for Nigeria was later diverted to a West African country. However, with the support of the Security Agencies, the container was intercepted and detained.

“We wish to use this medium to inform the general public that NAFDAC will continue to protect the public health and request that necessary support and information should be provided to the Agency so as to ensure that more of such spurious consignments that have devastating effect on the public are prevented from entering into our country.

“The current management has shown zero tolerance to importation of unregistered, substandard and spurious products and will continue to pursue means to rid the country of such, thus mitigating the deleterious effects on the population, especially the youth. The agency needs the continued support of the public to provide information that will lead to preventing unregistered and dangerous drugs, food and other products from getting to our society. NAFDAC is Customer focused and Agency minded”.

Season’s Greetings from Pharmanews

1
Greeting card

 which of the responses is (are) correct. Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of?

3

1    stroke

2    heart failure

3    hypertension

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E    if 3 only is correct

Beware: Air Pollution May Cause Breast Cancer- Scientists Warn

0

A team of Scottish scientists have uncovered what could be termed a ‘new occupational disease’, as they have found a group of women whose working condition exposed them to exhaust fumes daily, got breast cancer.

Although the researchers did not whisk away coincidence in their development of the disease which was very close to one another, but Doctors Michael Gilbertson and Jim Brophy, from the University of Stirling in Scotland, believe chemicals in the traffic fumes caused the cancer.

Air pollution

The research published in journal New Solutions and reported on Daily Mail online, has experts view noting that the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which try to stop tumours growing, can be shut down by vehicle exhaust fumes.

The scientists also explained that both BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that produce proteins to suppress tumours. When these are mutated, DNA damage can be caused and cells are more likely to become cancerous.  The mutations are usually inherited and increase the risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer significantly.

While the study further proved that outbreaks of breast cancer represent a new occupational disease, it asserted  that these women’s cases revealed working in the toll booths or similar conditions gave them a 16 times higher chance of breast cancer than the average woman.

They noted that past research affirmed that Dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes – all of which are found in exhaust fumes – are believed to stop the genes working.

Dr Gilbertson said: “We now have plausible mechanisms for inferring how the BRCA1/2 tumour suppressors in this highly-exposed border guard became dysfunctional and likely contributed to the ongoing epidemic of sporadic, early onset, premenopausal breast cancer among her colleagues.’

“And shift work could make the pollution-cancer link worse, as past research on rats has shown those constantly exposed to daylight developed 60 per cent more tumours and the tumours grew 36 per cent faster”.

TAKEAWAY

The takeaway from the findings for Nigerian women trading on busy roads and shops is for them to get protective masks to always shield them from the daily heavy pollution on Nigerian roads and streets, as the study has warned that working near busy roads triggers breast cancer.

 

 

 

 

PCN Inducts 18 fresh Pharmacy Graduands at UNILORIN

2

As dean pays tribute to Late Prof. Agunu

Amidst pomp and pageantry, the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of IIorin (UNILORIN) has inducted 18 new graduates into the pharmacy profession.

The colourful induction and oath-taking ceremony of the Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm) Degree graduands, which took place at the institution’s main auditorium recently, attracted the rank and file of the school management officers, eminent pharmacists both in academic, hospital and administrative positions and  parents.

PCN Inducts 18 fresh Pharmacy Graduands at UNILORIN
A cross section of the graduands during their procession.

Speaking at the occasion, Pharm. N. A. E. Mohammed, registrar, Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN) represented by Pharm. Anthony Idoko, congratulated the graduands, parents, UNILORIN vice-chancellor, academic and non-academic  staff, adding that the faculty is living up to standard.

“These promising young men and ladies here today have completed the first phase of their training as professionals and are now fit to compete favourably with their colleagues in all areas of practice for services to humanity and also to God.

“The second phase of your Pharmacy training starts with the one-year statutory internship programme which is compulsory for all pharmacists in Nigeria, including those who trained abroad without evidence of licensure in countries of practice,” he said.

Mohammed frown at professional misconduct in its entirety, saying that any form of misconduct by its pharmacists are usually investigated by PCN investigating panel, which refers erring pharmacists to disciplinary tribunal (with status of Federal High Court in Nigeria) when found guilty.

L-R: Quadri Ajibola Omotesho, overall best graduating student, in a warm handshake with Pharm. Anthony Idoko representative of PCN registrar while Dr. Rasheedat Ayanniyi, acting dean, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Dr Olayinka Buhari, deputy vice chancellor, UNILORIN, look on.

“Note that sentences such as removal of pharmacists name from the pharmaceutical register for a given period of time could be passed.

“This is why I enjoin you to keep off from Register-And-Go syndrome that has tarnished the image of pharmacists and brought the profession to ridicule. Learn to always uphold the ethics of the profession at all times,” he charged.

The PCN registrar also urged the university management to ensure it always retain its best materials for internship and official engagement.

“I also want to sound the note of advice to the new graduands. Do not fill your career with abandoned projects, make purposeful changes in life to compliment your experience, be focused and wait patiently for your time,” he charged.

In her opening remark, Dr Rasheedat Ayanniyi, acting dean, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences commended UNILORIN vice-chancellor, his management team, staff of the faculty, the PCN, NUC and trusted professors of the institution such as Prof. M.T. Bakare-Odunola, Prof. Titus Iranloye and Prof. Moses Akanmu.

She also acknowledged the tremendous contributions of past deans of the faculty such as Prof. Philip Olurinola, Prof. Hajarat Ibrahim and, of course, late Prof. Abdulkarim Agunu.

“Before I return to my seat, I will like us to use this opportunity to pay tribute to our late dean, Prof. Abdulkarim Agunu who departed this world on 15 July, 2018. Agunu was a team leader, mentor, a friend and a father to us all.

“We were so privileged to have worked with such an amazing team leader who genuinely cared deeply about his team members and students. His courage, determination and sense of humour are traits we will always carry with us,” she declared.

The induction ceremony reached a climax when Quadri Ajibola Omotesho was announced as the overall best graduating student. With a CGPA of 4.53, the former president, Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PANS), UNILORIN Chapter, won the PCN Award for Best Graduating Student (first male to clinch it in UNILORIN) and Prof. Agunu Memorial Prize for Best Graduating Student.

Other prize winners were Remilekun Agbana, Prof. P.F.Olurinola Prize Award; Nusirat Ibrahim, Prof. Hajarat Prize Award and Oyeyiola Rasheedat, Chief Opaleke Foundation Prize.

In attendance were Prof. Chinedum Babalola, keynote speaker; Dr Mohammed Amali, subdean; Pharm. S. A. Atunwa, academic staff and Pharm. K. M. Salawu, academic staff.

Approved by the senate on 22 May 2010 with Prof. Philip Olurinola and Prof. Hajarat Ibrahim as its pioneer and second deans respectively, the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (one of the 15 faculties in UNILORIN) is divided into 6 departments. They are departments of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy as well as Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

A landmark achievement was recorded on December 12, 2017 when the senate at its 267th meeting approved the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum. Following the approval, the first set of PharmD students were admitted into the 2017/2018 academic session. The faculty also signed a five-year memorandum of understanding with UNILORIN Teaching Hospital to facilitate the take-off and success of this programme.

 

 

which of the responses is (are) correct. Atrial fibrillation?

3

1   may be caused by hypertension

2   denote a fast, chaotic rhythm originating from multiple foci in the atria

3   is associated with ventricular premature beats

A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

D    if 1 only is correct

E    if 3 only is correct

which of the responses is (are) correct

4

which of the responses is (are) correct. The reasons why digoxin was preferred to other options are?

1    beta-adrenoceptors should be avoided because of the history of asthma

 2    digoxin slows ventricular response in atrial fibrillation

 3    it also has a hypotensive effect

 A    if 1, 2 and 3 are correct

 B    if 1 and 2 only are correct

 C    if 2 and 3 only are correct

 D    if 1 only is correct

 E    if 3 only is correct