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Which of the Following Drugs is a Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxant?

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Which of the following drugs is a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant?

a) Pancuronium

b) Succinylcholine

c) Hexamethonium

d) Scopolamine

UNN Pharmacy Alumni Class ’86 Holds Maiden Summit in Lagos

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Filled with utmost gratitude to God for sparing their lives to meet again at a designated location after 33 long years of graduating from the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN), members of the UNN Pharmacy Alumni Class ’86, inaugurated the annual summit of the class recently, to foster veritable collaboration among members.

The maiden summit of the association, held at the Eyo Hall of the Sheraton Hotels and Towers, Ikeja, Lagos, on 20 December, 2019, featured interesting activities such as reunion of class members, formation of committees, election of national executives, guest presentations, and a massive turnout of members within and outside the shores of Nigeria, totally 26 members in all.

In a communique jointly signed by Pharm. (Dr) Raymond Okechukwu, secretary and Sir Kennedy Izunwa, chairman, 2019 summit planning committee, the purpose for the establishment of the group was stated as the culmination of the collective will and commitment of the members of the UNN Pharmacy Class ’86 globally, to maintain veritable collaborative association among members as well as to promote relationship with other philanthropic organisations towards societal development.

UNN Pharmacy Alumni Class ’86 Holds Maiden Summit in Lagos
R-L: Pharm. Kennedy Izunwa; Pharm. Victor Okwuosa; Pharm. (Mrs) Ngozi Obikili; and Pharm.Patrick Osele, at the summit.

In his explanation for the formation of the alumni association, Pharm. Barnabas Ahiligwo, said it was necessitated to foster a systematic and formal forum for continued interaction and support for the welfare of one another while they are still alive and not necessarily at death. “We need to have Class reunion, 33 years post-graduation for the Faculty of Pharmacy in the University of Nigeria Nsukka. It was also necessary to brainstorm and chart way forward for the Class alumni”, he stated.

Prior to the plenary sessions for discussions on critical issues regarding members’ welfare and practices, members were given the privilege to join any committee of their choice, with appointed leaders to coordinate affairs of each committee. Pharm. Jude Udoye, was appointed as chairman of 2020 Class Reunion / Summit; Pharm. Cletus Ibe, chairman, Welfare Committee; Business Scheme Committee, Chairman, Pharm. Kennedy Izunwa; Home Coming to UNN Faculty of Pharmacy Committee, Chairman, Pharm. (Dr) Raymond Okechukwu; and Governance &Leadership, Chairman, was Pharm. Ngozi Obikili.

UNN Pharmacy Alumni Class ’86 Holds Maiden Summit in Lagos
Members of the UNN Pharmacy Alumni Class ’86, in a group photograph at the maiden summit of the association, held at the Eyo Hall of the Sheraton Hotels and Towers, Ikeja, Lagos.

To enhance proper coordination of the alumni association, one of the major events of the maiden summit of the group was the election of officers into the National Executive Committee of the UNN Pharmacy Class ’86. After the election exercise, the following emerged as members of the National Executive Committee of the UNN Pharmacy Class ’86. Pharm. Victor Okwuosa, president; Pharm. (Dr) Raymond Okechukwu, secretary; Pharm. Ikeri S, publicity secretary; Pharm. (Dr) Ifeyinwa Chijioke-Nwauche, financial secretary; Pharm. Eddy Igwuegbu, treasurer; and deputy presidents to be elected one from each geopolitical zone through the group social platform.

Very closely to this, a nine-man Board of Trustees was constituted including Pharm. Kennedy Izunwa; Pharm. Amaka Okoye; Pharm. Edosa Ogbeide; Pharm. Chigozie Oguine; Pharm. Barnabas Aghiligwo; Pharm. Ernest Udensi; Pharm. Patrick Osele; Pharm. Mathias Igwe; and Pharm. John Oppah, to pilot the affairs of the group for the next three years.

Expressing his appreciation on behalf of his executives, the newly appointed president, Okwuosa thanked the general assembly for the honour of calling the new executives to serve and pledged to move the alumni association to expected greater heights.

Intimating the group on the outcome of the 2020 Class Reunion/Summit Committee deliberations, Udoye, presented a five-year rotational class reunion proposal, starting with the 2020 summit holding in the Southeast at Owerri; 2021 summit to hold at Port Harcourt; 2022 at Enugu; 2023in   Abuja; and 2024 programme to be held at California, USA during summer. While the proposed rotational summit date was fixed between 15 – 20 December.

He further reported that: “Summit should be funded through capitation fees by members and donations by philanthropic members, while product presenters during the summit should pay presentation fees to help fund the summit subsequent programmes. Support of accommodation for the less privileged members would be provided by philanthropic members of the class and/or other donors. Absenteeism from the annual summit without admissible apology would attract fine to defaulting member/s”.

For the Welfare Committee report, as presented by Ibe, their deliberations were centred on registration of members, condolences purse, members’ insurance policy, and other financial commitments of members.

Upon his presentation, he said the general assembly has agreed on the following: “that members shall pay registration fee of N50, 000; condolence purse of N100, 000, shall be paid to the family of deceased member in good standing; Condolence purse of N50,000, shall be given to a member on the demise of any of his/her parents.

“The class also adopted Group Life Insurance Scheme for the benefit of members. Further details to be worked out by the Welfare group with the AIICO group on the premium applicable to two regimes of sum-assured of two million naira and five million naira respectively. Each member would pay annual subscription fee of twenty thousand Naira (N20,000) towards this group life insurance policy”, he stated.

The Chairman of the Governance / Leadership Committee, Obikili, highlighted the issues raised at their plenary, stating that the alumni association would be formerly registered as a nongovernmental organization (NGO) with the Nigeria Corporate Affairs Commission, (CAC), while members were tasked on suggestion of the best name for the association.

From the presentation of the Business Scheme Committee, the chairman, Izunwa said the summit has agreed that: “A Cooperative Society for the Class Association shall be set up for wholesale trade on Pharmaceuticals in Nigeria and across the globe. Members should contribute by buying shares to fund this proposal while our members already in wholesale business would provide technical guidance.

”The Class Association could also explore and key into the Nigeria Central Wholesale Centres in the Pharmaceutical sector. Pharm Kennedy Izunwa and Pharm. Victor Okwuosa were asked to leverage their interface with this project in Lagos and Anambra States to key our Class Association into the scheme”, he said.

In rounding off the summit, members were lavishly treated with sumptuous meals from a buffet, Wazobia Happy Hour at the Poolside, assorted drinks and a live band booming with ever –green country-side music.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Call for Nomination: Pharmanews Young Pharmacist of the Year 2019

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As introduced in 2018, the Pharmanews Young Pharmacist of the Year award has come to stay, with Isa Muhammad, incumbent president, PSN-YPG, as the winner of the maiden edition.

The race for Young Pharmacist Award of the Year 2019 is commencing with the nomination exercise of your most impactful young pharmacist for the period.

It will recalled that the management of Pharmanews Ltd initiated the idea in 2018 to encourage innovation and active involvement of young pharmacists in public healthcare and community health/social development.

Call for Nomination: Pharmanews Young Pharmacist of the Year 2019
Young Pharmacists’ Group Nigeria Logo

To this end, we hereby call for nomination of young pharmacists, who have impacted their communities significantly, based on public healthcare delivery, community development activities, and healthcare technological innovation, through various platforms. Your nomination should be attached as a comment to the post.

Sequel to the nomination exercise, the panel in charge of the exercise will select five nominees with highest nomination for an Online Poll, and the candidate with the highest votes becomes the winner.

Please note that nomination closes on Thursday, 30 January 2020 by 12 noon. While voting commences on Monday, 3 February 2020.

Looking forward to your participation.

Violence: FCT Doctors, Health Workers Embark on Protest Walk

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The Association of Resident Doctors (ARD) and other health workers on Thursday embarked on a peaceful protest walk in Abuja to express their grievances over rising incidence of assaults and violence on its members.

The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the protesters took a walk to the office of the FCT Minister over incessant attacks, assaults and violence meted on medical doctors and other health workers by relatives of patients.

The protesters carried placards with several inscriptions, including: “We Care for You Why Beat Us’’, “Better Securities in our Hospitals’’, “Say No to Violence Against Health Workers“, “Doctors and Health Workers deserve Better’’.

NAN reports that the doctors had on Wednesday embarked on a three-day warning strike across FCT general hospitals over recent assault and stripping naked of a female doctor by relatives of a deceased patient in Maitama District Hospital, FCT.

Addressing the protesters, the FCT Minister of State, Dr Ramatu Aliyu, appealed to the doctors to call off the strike as the authority was already addressing the issue, which will bring an end to all forms of assaults on all persons.

Violence: FCT doctors, health workers embark on protest walk
Violence: FCT doctors, health workers embark on protest walk

“I appeal that you call off the strike and just give us the benefit of doubt and see what will be done in a shortest time. I will come personally and talk to all hospitals in the FCT to know whatever challenges you are facing there.

“We appreciate your patience and understanding that you didn’t take laws into your hands and we assure you that the issue is receiving attention your demand is taken seriously and given utmost attention.

“Violence is not acceptable whether on male or female at the FCT or anywhere else in the country,’’ she stressed.

According to her, the FCT will synergise with the ministry of health, information and culture and other stakeholders towards educating the public towards imbibing the rights attitude and culture of law abiding citizens.

While calling on them continue their duties in proving medical care and attention to the public, the minister assured them of their safety and protection, while discharging their duties.

The FCT Chairman, Nigerian Medical Association (NMA), Dr Ekpe Philips, said the association was pursing through the National Health Act or Bills jail term for any person that perpetrate any form of violence on health workers.

“We are pursuing through the National Health Act or through the bills, we will make sure that if there is violence against any health worker, there is a particular term of jail to serve for such persons.

“We are advocating that there should be an undertaking by the patients that the relatives would not show any violence against health worker in Nigerian hospitals again.”

Also, Dr Eleanor Nwadinobi, International President, Medical Women International Association (MWIA), decried the series of attacks meted on health workers, which she said was a threat to their life and profession.

“There should be no hiding place for perpetrators of this type of violence. It is important that we feel safe, while discharging our duties.

“This is Nigeria, FCT in particular, where the 2015 violence against Persons (VAP) Acts was passed and signed.

“We are here today to speak clearly and to say no more should this happen to any of us in line of duty and we expect justice to be done to our colleague and she should have all the support she needs,’’ she said.

On her part, Dr Aisha Umar FCT President, Medical Women Association, stressed the need for relatives of patients to exercise decorum, rather than inflict injuries on medical workers discharging their duties.

“It is wrong for patients relative to take out their anger while expressing their grievances on the doctors or health workers; many doctors have left, we are the ones left behind, so we should not be treated that way,” she said.

The FCT President, ARD, Dr Roland Aigbovo, said the association would hold an emergency congress to address the issues on calling off the strike as appealed by the Federal Government.

(NAN)

 

Which of the Following Agents is a Ganglion-Blocking Drug?

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Which of the following agents is a ganglion-blocking drug?

a) Homatropine

b) Hexamethonium

c) Rapacuronium

d) Edrophonium

Medical Doctors Warn Women Against Putting Tobacco in Their Vaginas

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Medical doctors have recently come out to notify women against the danger of putting tobacco in their vaginas, a very popular trend in West Africa due to misleading beliefs that it can boost sex drive, shrink the vagina and also and make one fertile.

However medical professionals have debunked the new trend false claims and said that it can cause severe health conditions.

Doctors have told those wanting to use the product ‘vaginal tobacco’ that it could cause serious medical conditions like cancer, stillbirth and problems with the menstrual cycle.

Women are using the tobacco-style substance in the belief that it ‘shrinks their genitals’, can ‘increase sexual pleasure’ and ‘raises the odds of getting pregnant’.

Medical Doctors Warn Women against Putting Tobacco in Their Vaginas
Medical Doctors Warn Women against Putting Tobacco in Their Vaginas

The practice is mostly common in West African countries, where sachets of the ‘miracle’ product is sold for cheap prices..

The tobacco is made from the roots of the ‘tangora’ tree or native plants such as ‘kankouran mano’ or ‘koundinding’, and is sold under code names like Jumbo or Secret in so many streets.

Gynaecologist Dr Abdoulaye Diop told Sun UK vaginal tobacco only gives women the feeling their genitals are decreasing in size, but it is not actually the reality.

‘This feeling is transient and misleading, because the vaginal mucosa that is attacked will eventually develop changes that are the gateway to cancer,’

These products often create ulcers which, by scarring, shrink the vagina, make it hard and can go so far as to close it completely, Diop added.

Another doctor, Professor Pascal Foumane said tobacco powder can cause ulcers which will eventually scar, shrink the vagina, before making it ‘close up.’

He even said that tobacco powder has the potential to make the usual flow of menstruation ‘impossible.’

Female users have reported burning sensations after application, sometimes followed by vomiting and even loss of consciousness in severe reactions.

It’s not just tobacco women have been warned against putting products inside their vaginas, doctors have also confirmed women also put ice lollies and candys inside their most intimate areas during the heatwave which is also not good.

“There are many things that should never go near a vagina and ice lollies are up there,” a doctor was quoted as saying in journal Metro.

 

 

Sympathetic Stimulation is Mediated by:

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Sympathetic stimulation is mediated by:

a) Release of norepinephrine from nerve terminals

b) Activation of adrenoreceptors on postsynaptic sites

c) Release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

d) All of the above

Combination of Antibiotics May Promote Resistance, Study Finds

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A team of researchers from the Hebrew University, and Shaare Zedek Medical Centre Jerusalem, has found evidence that suggests administering combinations of antibiotics to patients with bacterial infections might be promoting resistance transmission.

In their paper published in the journal Science, the group described their research on patients with bacterial infections and what they learned.

According to the journal, the report showed over the past years revealed that disease-promoting bacteria have evolved resistance to many antibiotic agents. Due to this, doctors have been giving patients multiple kinds of antibiotics with the hope that at least one of them will kill the bacteria. But now, it seems this practice might be making things worse in the long run. They found that it can lead to an increase in resistance to the drugs in combination therapies.

Combination of Antibiotics May Promote Resistance, Study Finds
Combination of Antibiotics May Promote Resistance, Study Finds

To investigate the issue, the researchers studied a patient with a blood infection of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The patient was given vancomycin; an antibiotic (trade name Vancocin) effective against some bacterial infections, and when that did not quash it, the doctors’ added rifampicin. After eight days, the doctors replaced vancomycin with daptomycin; a lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of systemic and life-threatening infections caused by gram-positive organisms.

As the patient was being treated, the researchers took blood samples to determine how well the treatment was working, but it also allowed the researchers to test the tolerance level of the microbes individually and directly against all of the drugs that were used to treat the patient.

They found that after giving the patient the combination of drugs, the bacteria were killed more slowly by daptomycin. They also noted that a reduction in killing speed indicates an evolutionary step toward resistance. The researchers also carried out additional tests with other kinds of infections, and report finding the same results.

They suggested that giving patients combinations of antibiotics is making bacteria develop resistance to the drugs that still work. They next plan to study the effect in patients infected with different types of bacteria.

 

 

Lagos Nurses Flag off 2020 Year of the Nurse & Midwife (VIDEO)

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Members of the National Association of Nigerian Nurses and Midwives (NANNM) Lagos State Chapter, on Thursday joined the global community in celebrating the Flagging off of 2020 “Year of the Nurse & Midwife” as designated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Health Assembly, in honour of the 200th  birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale.

To flag off the campaign in Lagos, the nurses embarked on an awareness walk from the NANNM House, Agidigbin to the Lagos State Secretariat, to sensitise the people about the roles of nurses in healthcare delivery and particularly in achieving Universal Health Coverage.

Lagos Nurses Flag off 2020 Year of the Nurse & Midwife
The nurses displaying the banner of the campaign during the walk.

Sub-themed: “Nursing Lagosians to Health… Nursing the World to Health”, the nurses were seen on the streets of Lagos enlightening the populace about their caring services as they enthusiastically chanted and vigorously danced to the nurses’ anthem and other nurses’ related songs to catch the attention of the people.

Speaking with pressmen during the walk, the NANNM State Chairperson, Com. Blessing Israel, explained the essence of the celebration, saying it is a very notable year for nurses globally, to recognise their wonderful jobs to patients in the nooks and crannies of the society.  It is also about the celebration of the 200th birthday of Florence Nightingale- the mother of modern nurses.

“The flagging off of 2020 “Year of the Nurse  & Midwife” was a directive was from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Health Assembly, that it should commenced today. As I’m talking to you now, Northern Island nurses are also celebrating today 16 January, 2020. And we are planning for the proper launching of the campaign.

Lagos Nurses Flag off 2020 Year of the Nurse & Midwife
Lagos nurses in a group photograph during the sensitisation walk.

“For us, 2020 and the decade are for nurses in Nigeria. We want to ensure that patients in Lagos State access affordable and quality healthcare services. We are going to align with global health events, as commencing from 4 February, which is World Cancer Day, we are going to create awareness all over Lagos on the preventive measures for cancer.

“We will also ensure that everyone in Lagos will come to understand the role of nurses in Universal Health Coverage, as we make ourselves available for the maximum health of all citizens.

Asked on WHO’s plans for Nigerian nurses, she said the apex health institution has different programmes for nurses this year. Currently, she stated that there is a programme in Dublin, and in Nigeria, WHO in collaboration with the FMoH and NANNM, will host the official launch of the 2020 “Year of Nurse and midwife”, by January ending.

The nurses, while on the walk also visited the office of the Director of Nursing, Lagos State Ministry of Health, Mrs Dorcas Shonibare, who was represented by the Assistant Director of Nursing, Mrs Sola Aketi.

Aketi, while speaking with Pharmanewsonline highlighted the specific roles of nurses in Universal Health Coverage, one of which is to ensure that quality care is given to all patients irrespective of their financial status. Quality healthcare that is safe, empathic, timely, effective, patient-centred, and equal for all.

She further stated that the target is to reduce infants and maternal mortality rates in country. Nigeria has the second highest maternal mortality rate in the world, because after India, Nigeria is the next, and that should not be, because we have several opportunities in our neighbourhood that people can benefit from.

However, she said their nursing studies revealed that midwives are prevented from giving their services immediately to patients due to doctors’ absence.  “When we did our own nursing studies, we found that a midwife that will be on ground to deliver a baby successfully is being denied, because of doctor absence. Yes the doctor need to be there, but it is the midwife that will deliver the baby before the doctor comes”.

Thus, Aketi urged other members of the healthcare team to give midwives their right of place in delivering their skillful interventions to pregnant women timely, in order to achieve the goal of reducing maternal mortality rate in the country.

Ironically, while nurses were celebrating the commencement of “Year of Nurse & Midwife” in Lagos, members of the Nigeria Medical Association (NMA) on Wednesday protested against alleged attacks on health workers, particularly against the stripping of a female doctor by family members of a patient who later died.

According to NAN, the physicians also commenced a three-day strike action across the FCT, to show their grievances. Addressing the protesters, the Minister of State for FCT, Ramatu Aliyu, assured them that measures were being put in place to end all forms of assault against doctors.

 

 

 

Scientists Discover Genes Responsible for High Alcohol Intake

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A recent international research, published in Science Advances, has identified genes associated with high alcohol intake.

According to the study reported on Medicalnewstoday, it revealed increase in global level of alcohol consumption, noting that the total volume of alcohol consumed per year increased by as much as 70 percent between 1990 and 2019, from 20,999 million liters per year to 35,676 million liters per year.

The researchers asserted that alcohol consumption is associated with many diseases, with the risk of these co-morbidities generally increasing with greater exposure.

They further noted that excessive consumption of alcohol is considered a result of complex interactions between genetic and non-genetic risk factors. A number of family, twin, and adoption studies have shown that high alcohol intake definitely has a genetic component, although finding consistent outcomes in terms of exact genes associated with this behavior has been difficult.

In an effort to identify the specific genes responsible for high levels of alcohol consumption, a team of international researchers, led by Dr Andrew Thompson and Professor Sir Munir Pirmohamed from the University of Liverpool, conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the UK Biobank to pinpoint the genes responsible.

Scientists Discover Genes Responsible for High Alcohol Intake
Scientists Discover Genes Responsible for High Alcohol Intake

More frequently in people with a particular condition than in people without the condition, it can suggest the underlying reason for the difference.

The study used 125,000 participants from UK Biobank and a further 49,000 from a US study to explore how genes and biological pathways are implicated in alcohol consumption. Taken together, the findings suggest several common pathways associated with different types of compulsive behaviour and addiction, not just alcohol consumption.

Model organisms (worm models) were used to test the functional effects of the genes identified in GWAS (i.e. what happens when the gene is removed). All genes tested demonstrated marked changes in the worms’ response to alcohol exposure. This is novel in the alcohol field and suggests that these genes have a true impact on response to alcohol.

Dr Thompson, said: “Our study offers insight into genes, pathways, and relationships for disease risk associated with high alcohol consumption.

“This improved understanding regarding genetic risk of alcohol consumption will lead to further study and hopefully opportunities to develop new treatments for people with alcohol use disorders.”

Professor Pirmohamed, said: “This is a really important area because of the morbidity and mortality, and societal effects, of heavy alcohol consumption. Our study also highlights the fantastic value of the UK biobank, a long term investment by many funders in the UK, which is now leading to many novel insights in a large number of diseases.”

 

All of the Following Drugs are Proton Pump Inhibitors EXCEPT:

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All of the following drugs are proton pump inhibitors EXCEPT:

a) Pantoprozole

b) Omeprazole

c) Famotidine

d) Rabeprazole

Study Links Having Less Sex to Early Menopause

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Image result for Study Links Having Less Sex to Early Menopause"

A new study conducted by researchers from University College London (UCL), have recently revealed that women who engage in sexual activity weekly or monthly have a lower risk of commencing menopause early relative to those who report having some form of sex less than monthly.

The researchers observed that women, who reported engaging in sexual activity weekly, were 28 per cent less likely to have experienced menopause at any given age than women who engaged in sexual activity less than monthly. Sexual activity includes sexual intercourse, oral sex, sexual touching and caressing or self-stimulation.

The research, published in Royal Society Open Science, is based on data from the USA’s Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). It’s the largest, most diverse and most representative longitudinal cohort study available to research aspects of the menopause transition.

First author on the study, Ph.D. candidate Megan Arnot (UCL Anthropology), said: “The findings of our study suggest that if a woman is not having sex, and there is no chance of pregnancy, then the body ‘chooses’ not to invest in ovulation, as it would be pointless. There may be a biological energetic trade-off between investing energy into ovulation and investing elsewhere, such as keeping active by looking after grandchildren.

“The idea that women cease fertility in order to invest more time in their family is known as the Grandmother Hypothesis, which predicts that the menopause originally evolved in humans to reduce reproductive conflict between different generations of females, and allow women to increase their inclusive fitness through investing in their grandchildren, Arnot explained”.

During ovulation, the woman’s immune function is impaired, making the body more susceptible to disease. Given a pregnancy is unlikely due to a lack of sexual activity, then it would not be beneficial to allocate energy to a costly process, especially if there is the option to invest resources into existing kin.

The research is based on data collected from 2,936 women, recruited as the baseline cohort for the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) study.

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The findings indicate that women’s sexual behaviour can influence menopause timing.

The mean age at first interview was 45 years old. Non-Hispanic Caucasian women were most represented in the sample (48 percent), and the majority of women were educated to above a high school level. On average they had two children, were mostly married or in a relationship (78 percent), and living with their partner (68 percent).

The women were asked to respond to several questions, including whether they had engaged in sex with their partner in the past six months, the frequency of sex including whether they engaged in sexual intercourse, oral sex, sexual touching or caressing in the last six months and whether they had engaged in self-stimulation in the past six months. The most frequent pattern of sexual activity was weekly (64 percent).

None of the women had yet entered menopause, but 46 percent were in early peri-menopause (starting to experience menopause symptoms, such as changes in period cycle and hot flashes) and 54 percent were pre-menopausal (having regular cycles and showing no symptoms of peri-menopause or menopause).

Interviews were carried out over a ten-year follow-up period, during which 1,324 (45 percent) of the 2,936 women experienced a natural menopause at an average age of 52.

By modelling the relationship between sexual frequency and the age of natural menopause, women of any age who had sex weekly had a hazard ratio of 0.81, whereas women of any age who had sex monthly had a hazard ratio of 0.72.

This provided a likelihood whereby women of any age who had sex weekly were 28 percent less likely to experience the menopause compared to those who had sex less than monthly. Likewise, those who had sex monthly were 19 percent less likely to experience menopause at any given age compared to those who had sex less than monthly.

The researchers controlled for characteristics including estrogen level, education, Body Mass Index (BMI), race, smoking habits, age at first occurrence of menstruation, age at first interview and overall health.

The study also tested whether living with a male partner affected menopause as a proxy to test whether exposure to male pheromones delayed menopause. The researchers found no correlation, regardless of whether the male was present in the household or not. Last author, Professor Ruth Mace (UCL Anthropology), added: “The menopause is, of course, inevitability for women, and there is no behavioural intervention that will prevent reproductive cessation. Nonetheless, these results are an initial indication that menopause timing may be adaptive in response to the likelihood of becoming pregnant.”

 

Most of Non-Narcotic Analgetics have:

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Most of non-narcotic analgetics have:

a) Anti-inflammatory effect

b) Analgesic effect

c) Antipyretic effect

d) All of the above

How to Prevent Cancer and Other Infections with Apples – Studies Find

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“An apple a day keeps the doctor away” is an adage that is proving increasingly true, as several studies have shown that a daily intake of apples and other vegetables will reduce the risk of cancer in humans.

Epidemiological studies, in particular, have linked the consumption of apples with reduced risk of some cancers, cardiovascular disease, asthma and diabetes. In the laboratory, apples have been found to have very strong antioxidant activity, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, decrease lipid oxidation and lower cholesterol.

Apples contain a variety of phytochemicals, including quercetin, catechin, phloridzin and chlorogenic acid, all of which are strong antioxidants. The phytochemical composition of apples varies greatly between different types of apples, and there are also small changes in phytochemicals during the maturation and ripening of the fruit. Storage has little to no effect on apple phytochemicals, but processing can greatly affect apple phytochemicals.

How to Prevent Cancer and Other Infections with Apples - Studies Find
Apples on display

According to Professor (Mrs) Doris N. Onwukaeme, H.O.D, Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin (UNIBEN), “Apples contain phytochemicals, including phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, antioxidants and vitamins, that build the body immune system, and thus prevent the onset of some ailments like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and the likes.”

The professor, who spoke to Pharmanews during a telephone conversation, said studies have suggested that a diet high in fruits and vegetables may decrease the risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, and phytochemicals, including phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids, from fruits and vegetables may play a key role in reducing chronic disease risk.

Also, a study conducted by the Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, on the Microbiological Safety Assessment of Apple Fruits, attests to the health benefits of the apple.

The study states that the increasing understanding of the link between fruit intake and improved health, coupled with the newly found nutritional values of apples, has increased its popularity and thus consumption rate. Whole fruits and juices of apple are extensively used as health foods because they are dependable sources of vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, antioxidants and fiber. The fruits are usually eaten fresh and raw, except for the seeds, making the nutritional values fully available for the body.

“Apples are rich source of phytochemicals that have been reported to reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases, asthma, diabetes, cataracts, Alzheimer’s disease/cognitive decline and pulmonary functions,” the study says.

Specific Health Benefits of Apple

1. Apples lower cholesterol: One medium-sized apple contains about four grams of fibre. Some of that is in the form of pectin, a type of soluble fibre that has been linked to lower levels of LDL or “bad” cholesterol. That’s because it blocks absorption of cholesterol, according to WebMD, which helps the body to use it, rather than store it.

2. They keep you full: The wealth of fibre an apple provides keeps you feeling full for longer, without costing you a lot of calories – there are about 95 in a medium-sized piece of fruit. That is because it takes our bodies longer to digest complex fibre than more simple materials like sugar or refined grains. Anything with at least three grams of fibre is a good source of the nutrient; most people should aim to get about 25 to 40 grams a day.

3. Apples may keep you slim: One component of an apple’s peel (which also has most of the fibre) is something called ursolic acid, which was linked to a lower risk of obesity in a recent study in mice. That is because it boosts calorie burn and increases muscle and brown fat.

4. They can help with breathing problems: Five or more apples a week (less than an apple a day!) has been linked with better lung function, most likely because of an antioxidant called quercetin found in the skin of apples (as well as in onions and tomatoes), the BBC reports. The breath benefits of apples extend even further: A 2007 study found that women who eat plenty of the fruit are less likely to have children with asthma.

5. Apples boost your immune system: While they do not quite rival oranges, apples are considered a good source of immune system-boosting vitamin C, with over 8 milligrams per medium-sized fruit, which amounts to roughly 14 per cent of your daily recommended intake.

6. Curb all sorts of cancers: Scientists from the American Association for Cancer Research, among others, agree that the consumption of flavonol-rich apples could help reduce your risk of developing pancreatic cancer by up to 23 per cent. Researchers at Cornell University have identified several compounds – triterpenoids – in apple peel that have potent anti-growth activities against cancer cells in the liver, colon and breast. Their earlier research found that extracts from whole apples can reduce the number and size of mammary tumours in rats. Meanwhile, the National Cancer Institute in the U.S. has recommended a high fibre intake, to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.

7. They decrease the risk of diabetes: A 2012 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that apples, as well as pears and blueberries, were linked with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes because of a class of antioxidants, anthocyanins that are also responsible for red, purple and blue colours in fruits and vegetables.

8. They are good for your brain: Apples have been linked to a rise in acetylcholine production, which communicates between nerve cells. So, apples may help your memory and lower your chances of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

Though past studies have been divided on the issue, recent long-term studies suggest that people who have a diet rich in fruits that contain antioxidants – like apples – are 10 to 15 per cent less likely to develop cataracts.

Apple consumption was associated with decreased epithelial lung cancer incidence. This supported the findings of the previous studies discussed, where apples were significantly inversely associated with lung cancer, and may suggest that catechins alone do not help fight against lung cancers. Other data from the Zutphen Elderly study showed an inverse association between fruit and vegetable flavonoids and total cancer incidence and tumors of the alimentary and respiratory tract. Again, tea flavonoids were not associated with a decrease in cancer risk.

9. They reduce risk of cardiovascular disease: A reduced risk of cardiovascular disease has been associated with apple consumption. The Women’s Health Study surveyed nearly 40,000 women with a 6.9-year follow-up, and examined the association between flavonoids and cardiovascular disease. Women ingesting the highest amounts of flavonoids had a 35 per cent reduction in risk of cardiovascular events. Flavonoid intake was not associated with risk of stroke, myocardial infraction, or cardiovascular disease death. Quercetin did not have any association with cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction or stroke. However, both apple intake and broccoli intake were associated with reductions in the risk of both cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular events. Women ingesting apples had a 13 – 22 per cent decrease in cardiovascular disease risk.

Apple and wine consumption was also inversely associated with death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women, in a study of nearly 35,000 women in Iowa. The intakes of catechin and epicatechin, both constituents of apples, were strongly inversely associated with coronary heart disease death. Although total catechin intake was inversely associated with coronary heart disease mortality, Arts et al (2001) found that tea catechins were not associated with coronary heart disease mortality in postmenopausal women. Apple catechins may be more bioavailable than the catechin and epicatechin gallates commonly found in teas.

10. They help with asthma and enhance pulmonary function: Apple consumption has been inversely linked with asthma and has also been positively associated with general pulmonary health. In a recent study involving 1,600 adults in Australia, apple and pear intake was associated with a decreased risk of asthma and a decrease in bronchial hypersensitivity, but total fruit and vegetable intake was not associated with asthma risk or severity. Specific antioxidants, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, retinol and β-carotene, were not associated with asthma or bronchial hypersensitivity. Previously, it had been found that apple intake, as well as selenium intake, was associated with less asthma in adults in the United Kingdom.

 

Admission for Psychiatric Nursing Commences at Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta

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For those nurses who wish to take their career to the next level by specialising in Psychiatric Nursing, this is the opportunity they have been waiting for, as admission into the Post-Basic School of Psychiatric Nursing, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Ogun State, has began.

The programme which is meant for registered nurses will run for 19 months, from May, 2020 – November, 2021.

To qualify for admission, candidates are expected to have a total of five credits in WASC/SSSC/GCE or NECO to include: English Language, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry and Physics at not more than two sittings.

Other requirements for the programme are:  Registered Nurse Certificate (RN) of Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria (N&MCN); Minimum of one year Post Qualification/Registration with the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria; and at least one year Post Qualification working experience.

Admission for Psychiatric Nursing Commences at Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta
Nurses in class

While individuals with BNSC degree can apply for specialty in this field with evidence of NYSC Discharge or Exemption Certificate.

To apply for this programme, applicants are to pay a non-refundable fee of N7, 500.00 (Seven thousand five hundred naira) only through: www.remita.net following prompts that appear on the screen.

Thereafter, they are to commence online registration through login to www.neuroaro.gov.ng

Online sales of forms/registration begins on 20 January, 2020 and closes on 28 February, 2020.

 

 

FDA Approves Fiasp- Quick Mealtime Insulin for Children with Diabetes

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Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved Fast-acting insulin Fiasp 100 U/mL as a mealtime insulin for children with diabetes, Novo Nordisk, Denmark, has revealed.

Novo Nordisk through a press release stated that Fast-acting insulin, Fiasp is the first and only fast-acting mealtime insulin injection that does not have a premeal dosing recommendation.

According to Todd Hobbs, MD, vice president and U.S. chief medical officer of Novo Nordisk, the FDA approval of insulin for children means that children with diabetes will have more flexibility in their mealtime insulin dosing.

It is available in three dosing options: multiple daily injections, continuous hypodermic insulin infusion pumps and IV infusion under supervision by a healthcare professional, Hobbs said.

The FDA approved insulin Fiasp in 2017 for use by IV infusion under supervision by a healthcare professional or by subcutaneous multiple daily injections among adults with diabetes.

FDA Approves Fiasp- Quick Mealtime Insulin for Children with Diabetes
FDA Approves Fiasp- Quick Mealtime Insulin for Children with Diabetes

The press statement noted that the insulin Fiasp injection was a new formulation of NovoLog that includes niacinamide, which helps increase the speed of insulin absorption. The therapy was designed to mimic the natural physiologic insulin response that occurs after meals.

Explaining more on the injection called Fiasp, Eliza Skoler, a biologist and an associate at the diaTribe Learn, said while many fast-acting meal-time insulin need to be dosed before a meal, Fiasp does not have a pre-meal dosing recommendation.

She added that Fiasp can be taken before, at the beginning, or even within 20 minutes of starting a meal.

“This flexibility is due to the faster onset and offset of this insulin. It is still strongly recommended that users take Fiasp before the start of the meal when possible, but the option to take it up to 20 minutes later does add extra flexibility when necessary in other to manage their blood glucose levels more effectively,” She said.

 

“As a parent of a son living with type 1 diabetes, I know firsthand how tough it can be to address the inevitable blood sugar spikes around mealtimes,” Hobbs, said in the release. “Children can be unpredictable and having the option of a fast-acting insulin that doesn’t require premeal dosing like Fiasp is a welcome development for the diabetes community.”

The approval is based on the FDA’s review of data from the onset-7 clinical trial, which confirmed the efficacy and safety of fast-acting insulin Fiasp in children.

According to Hobbs, the FDA expanded the indication for insulin Fiasp injection 100 U/mL in October 2019 to include use in insulin infusion pumps for the improvement of glycemic response in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

What do you Understand by Administering Drugs?

3

The situation when failure to continue administering the drug results in serious psychological and somatic disturbances is called?

a) Tachyphylaxis

b) Sensibilization

c) Abstinence syndrome

d) Idiosyncrasy

FG Appoints New Governing Board for NIPRD, Alfa As Chairman

1

The Federal Government of Nigeria has appointed a new Governing Board for the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), to coordinate the affairs of the institute for the next couple of years.

Headed by a former Deputy President of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN) Dr John Alfa as chairman, members of the board are: Dr Okey Akpa; Mazi Sam Ohuabunwa; Pharm. M. O. Lawal; Dr Aminu Wada; Representative of FMST; and Dr Obi Adigwe as secretary.

Speaking at the inauguration ceremony of the board, the Minister of State for Health, Dr Olorunnimbe Mamora, tasked all members of the board to set standards for control, discipline and be accountable in their activities towards uplifting healthcare service in Nigeria.

Mamora, who read out the obligations of governing boards to the newly constituted NIPRD Board members, stressed the need for them to strictly abide by the guiding principles of the board, and why they need to justify the confidence reposed in them through their appointments.

The Minister stated: “Governing Boards are creations of statutes and their responsibilities are to give policy directions to management of institutes and in so doing, the principles of change, good governance and accountability in the affairs of health institutions must be adhered to as government expects no less from them.”

“NIPRD will be vital in making Nigeria benefit from the African Free Trade Agreement recently signed by the Nigerian Government through its contribution to the economy and national development.”

Dr Mamora, also charged the Board members on increasing Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) of NIPRD, which will in return improve the resource base of the agency as well as enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the use of these resources in line with Financial Regulations (FR).

The Health Minister for State also advised the new board members to familiarise themselves with the new policies, processes and procedures which have been introduced into the act of governance, while urging them to distant themselves from any shady deals, as this administration has zero tolerance for such.

In his response, Dr Alfa appreciated President Muhammadu Buhari for appointing them and while assuring him of the commitment of the new leadership of the board to work together in line with set standards and rules to achieve the goals of the Institute.

 

 

Scientists Reveal Causes of Type 2 Diabetes and Reversal Measures

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As the occurrence of diabetes continues to increase all over the world, a new study has found not just the causes of type 2 diabetes but also how to revoke the condition. The findings also shed light on what leads to remission after reversal for some people.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) between 1980 and 2014, the number of people living with diabetes across the world has increased from about 108 million to 422 million. Adding that as many as 90 percent of these individuals have type 2 diabetes.

The findings from WHO also shows that diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation.

The scientists published their findings in the journal Cell Metabolism also disclosed that, since the 1980s, the global prevalence of diabetes has almost quadrupled.

A couple of years ago, a clinical trial was reported on Medical News Today, the first results showed that intensive weight loss programmes could help people with type 2 diabetes achieve remission without taking any medication.

The trial was called the Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT), and one of its co-leaders was Prof. Roy Taylor from Newcastle University in the United Kingdom.

But how does this remission occur, and can it last in the long term? Why do some people achieve lasting remission while for others, the condition returns?

Prof. Taylor set out with his team to answer these questions, using data from the DiRECT trial and applying cutting-edge imaging and blood monitoring techniques.

Testing the ‘twin cycle hypothesis’

The study aimed to test and confirm the so-called twin cycle hypothesis, which Prof. Taylor and team put forth more than a decade ago.

The theory proposed that type 2 diabetes results from the accumulation of fat in the liver, which induces insulin resistance and increases blood sugar production.

These effects, in turn, increase plasma insulin levels, precipitating “a self-reinforcing cycle” in which insulin stimulates fat production.

These increased levels of liver fat cause the lipids to overspill into several tissues, including the pancreas.

Beta-cells, which are responsible for creating insulin, are located in the pancreas. “Long-term exposure to saturated fatty acids is harmful to [beta]-cells,” write the authors.

In the present study, the authors investigated the predictions of the twin cycle hypothesis 2 years into the DiRECT trial.

The researchers wanted to “describe the pathophysiologic processes underlying the recurrence of type 2 diabetes in the group that initially achieved remission but then relapsed back to diabetes.”

To this end, the researchers quantified intra-organ and abdominal fat using cutting-edge MRI scans at 12 and 24 months. They looked at pancreatic and liver fat, specifically.

The analysis included measurements of glucose, HbA1c, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides. The team also analyzed fatty acids, insulin secretion, and beta-cell function.

The study revealed that the majority of the trial participants maintained remission over the 2 years but that this was only possible if liver triglycerides and fat in the pancreas remained low.

Specifically, almost 9 out of 10 participants who managed to lose 15 kilograms or more in the DiRECT trial reversed their condition.

After 2 years, more than one-third of these individuals had been free of diabetes and the need for diabetes medication for at least 24 months.

A small group, however, experienced relapse, which was associated with a return to high liver triglycerides and high intrapancreatic fat levels.

Prof. Taylor explains: “We saw that when a person accumulates too much fat, which should be stored under the skin, then it has to go elsewhere in the body. The amount that can be stored under the skin varies from person to person, indicating a ‘personal fat threshold’ above which fat can cause mischief”.

“When fat cannot be safely stored under the skin, it is then stored inside the liver and overspills to the rest of the body, including the pancreas. This ‘clogs up’ the pancreas, switching off the genes [that] direct how insulin should effectively be produced, and this causes type 2 diabetes” he explained.

According to Taylor: “Diet and persistence’ can reverse diabetes”.

“This means we can now see type 2 diabetes as a simple condition where the individual has accumulated more fat than they can cope with,” continues the author, stressing the hopeful implications of this finding.

“Importantly, this means that through diet and persistence, patients are able to lose the fat and potentially reverse their diabetes. The sooner this is done after diagnosis, the more likely it is that remission can be achieved”.

“For the first time,” said Prof. Taylor and his team in their paper, “we are able to report the underlying physiologic changes during a full cycle of disease reversal and re-emergence.”

Acetylcholine is Not a Specific Neurotransmitter at:

8

Acetylcholine is not a specific neurotransmitter at:

a) Sympathetic ganglia

b) Sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings

c) Parasympathetic ganglia

d) Parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings

Re: ‘Port Congestion Worsens as NAFDAC Conducts E-Certification’

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The attention of the National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) has been drawn to a publication in the Punch Newspapers of 28th December 2019 titled “Port congestion worsens as NAFDAC conducts E-certification”.

The content of the publication especially with regard to the comments made by The National Secretary of the Association of Nigerian Licensed Customs Agents (ANLCA), Mr Babatunde Mukaila are completely untrue, baseless and a bid to mislead the general public on the clearance of products at the various seaports.

60% of imported drugs to be manufactured locally – NAFDAC
NAFDAC Logo

As part of ongoing modernization reforms by the Federal Government of Nigeria at the ports, NAFDAC has assiduously worked towards the automation and digitization of NAFDAC processes and licenses respectively. This has resulted in the development and deployment of NAFDAC e-licenses for utilization in the clearance of NAFDAC regulated products.

Prior to the deployment of the e-license on 9th September 2019, NAFDAC had held sensitization workshops for importers and Authorized Dealer Banks (ADBs) in 2018. This was to prepare importers of NAFDAC regulated products on the need to digitize any documents that were not in electronic formats while the processes for the issuance of new NAFDAC licenses was automated and processed on the Federal Government Single Window for Trade which is a one-stop portal for various Agencies operating at the Ports.

In the past, NAFDAC documents were physically scanned and attached to the Central Bank of Nigeria Form M platform. As a result of this, the ADBs and the Nigeria Customs Service (NCS) were not able to verify and authenticate submitted NAFDAC documents. This gave room for unscrupulous importers to forge and use expired NAFDAC licenses to process their Form Ms. With the commencement of the e-license era, NAFDAC integrated her licenses with the Form M platform such that importers are no longer required to scan and attach NAFDAC licenses but only input their Approval Reference Numbers which would be auto-verified by the Form M platform during processing. As a result, many importers who were used to utilizing unapproved licenses could not process their Form Ms.

It is also important to note, that it is against the Federal Ministry of Finance Import Guidelines, Procedures and Documentation requirements under the Destination Inspection Scheme to ship any consignment without opening Form M. Form M cannot be validly opened when you do not have a valid license from the Agency regulating the product. Those in this predicament have been violating this Import procedure for years and they are now caught up because of this integration. It is therefore, misleading, deceptive and baseless for any importer or agent alluding the congestion at the Ports to the e-certification processes of NAFDAC. Indeed, this is a means of perpetrating evil and attempt to continuing in dirty and unscrupulous procedures in clearance of regulated products. Their attempts can be considered as frustrating trade facilitation.

For clarity, the Import Guidelines states in A1 and A14 that

A1: ‘Any person intending to import physical goods into Nigeria shall in the first instance process e-Form M through any Authorized dealer bank irrespective of the value and whether or not payment is involved.’

A14: All imports into the country shall be accompanied by the following documents:

  1. Combined Certificate of Value and Origin (CCVO), which shall contain the following information,
  2. e-Form M No
  3. Adequate description of goods etc.

The unanswered question from the statements made by the ANLCA National Secretary is;

  1. What are the consignments said to be stuck at the ports doing at the Ports when according to the Import Guidelines in A1 as stated above ‘Any person intending to import physical goods into Nigeria shall in the first instance process e-Form M through any Authorized dealer bank irrespective of the value and whether or not payment is involved.’? The interpretation of this statement is that no consignment should leave the country of origin without an approved Form M.
  2. It is also important to note that the CCVO which should be issued for the consignment before leaving the Port of origin should have an e-Form M information. So how was the CCVO issued when there is no approved e-Form M?

These are questions begging for answers.

It is worthy of note that any compliant importer of NAFDAC regulated products having approved NAFDAC e-licenses and has followed the approved Federal Ministry of Finance Import Guidelines, Procedures and Documentation requirements under the Destination Inspection Scheme will not complain about NAFDAC’s Introduction of e-licenses.

We appreciate Dr Osita Chukwu for speaking the truth with regard to this issue and clearly stating in the publication that ‘agents and importers failed to do what they are supposed to do…..and most of them would leave many things unattended to because they wanted to cut corners.’ Aside this, there are several factors that are beyond the purview of NAFDAC that has led to port congestion over the years. It is therefore unfair to lay the blame of port congestion at NAFDAC’s doorstep.

 

NAFDAC as a responsible regulatory Agency has determined to facilitate trade and comply with the Federal Government’s reform agenda for the various ports. Our current drive is to encourage compliance, be customer-focused and improve the ease of doing business while ensuring that safe and quality regulated products are available for Public Health use.

It is therefore important that all importers and the general public discountenance this obvious falsehood in the publication.

 

NAFDAC: Customer-focused, Agency-minded

Study Links Fear and Antisocial Behavior in Children

2

Most times parents often ask question on why some children have more difficulties understanding others’ emotions or feeling sorry after misbehaving? Why do some acts out in certain situations and behave in others? How should adults respond in these circumstances?

For parents, such puzzles can seem unsolvable yet having insight into the inner workings of these situations becomes increasingly important when the behaviors start to interfere with daily functioning and healthy development.

Two papers from psychologists Rebecca Waller of the University of Pennsylvania and Nicholas Wagner of Boston University, one published in The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, the other in Psychological Medicine, may provide new insight into a set of behaviors known as Callous-Unemotional (CU) traits.

Study Links Fear and Antisocial Behavior in Children
Image of a young boy sleeping in fear

According to research, Callous – Unemotional traits (CU) are distinguished by a persistent pattern of behavior that reflects a disregard for others, and also a lack of empathy and generally deficient affect.

The researchers found that children who exhibited less fear and desire for social connection and who engaged less frequently in a copycat behavior called arbitrary imitation developed more CU traits, which are known to lead to antisocial behavior later.

A link between antisocial or aggressive behavior and CU traits—characterized by lack of empathy, guilt, and reduced sensitivity to others’ emotions—is already well known. Previous research has revealed that children with these characteristics are more likely to develop severe, persistent antisocial behavior, often expressed through violence and hostility.

Practically speaking, this translates to a child who is “less compassionate, doesn’t care about breaking the rules, doesn’t change a behavior when they’re told, ‘If you do X, this bad thing will happen,'” says Rebecca Waller, an assistant professor in Penn’s Department of Psychology and director of the EDEN Lab. “They’re also more likely to be aggressive to get what they want because they don’t fear the consequences.”

What’s less understood are the mechanisms and processes that give rise to CU traits, knowledge with important implications for the development and implementation of effective interventions. Waller and Wagner looked at two ideas: The first focuses on fear and social belonging, also known as affiliation; the second is related to imitation.

Fearlessness and Social Connections

To test their first theory, the researchers used data from the Boston University Twin Project, led by Boston University professor Kimberly Saudino. During two-hour lab visits, at age 3 and again at age 5, children played out several scenarios, like offering a parent “candy” from a canister that actually contained a stuffed snake, popping bubbles, or separating different-coloured beads into piles.

Analysis of the children’s behaviors showed that less fearful children who cared less about social connections at the first visit were more likely to develop callous-unemotional traits by the second. “Fearlessness on its own is not the only ingredient,” Waller says. “These children also don’t feel, to the same degree, that inherent motivation and reward from having positive social bonding with others.”

The findings published in Psychological Medicine found that harsh parenting—which includes tactics like yelling and spanking—intensified the fearlessness and strengthened the link with later CU traits.

Advising Parents

Though these findings offer important clues to why CU traits can lead to antisocial behavior, the researchers want to make clear that they’re looking at overall patterns, not one-off instances. “We don’t want to scare parents,” Waller says. “It’s not like if you notice these behaviors once, you’re in trouble. It’s part of an overarching dimension.”

Parents, they suggest, can positively support these aspects of social and emotional development by artificially creating situations, like one in which arbitrary imitation happens, for example. “Encourage the child to make the silly noise or movement you did, then laugh about it,” Waller says. “You more explicitly scaffold the situation than if it were to happen naturally, but the children still get the positive reinforcement and it can become a bonding moment.”

In regard to fearlessness and social affiliation, Wagner suggests veering away from harshness, toward warmth. “Changing kids’ experiences,” he says, “that’s where we can intervene.”

 

Meet Ezekwueche: Canada-Based Young Pharmacist and Fashionista

1

He had a humble beginning like every other Nigerians, but with great ambitions. Though he had his education in the eastern part of Nigeria, but he had envisioned living and practicing abroad right from his childhood. And of course, that is a reality today.

Born in the late 80s as the last child of a middle-class family in Anambra State, Pharm. Chukwunonso Ezekwueche, had both his primary and secondary education in Anambra State and obtained his Pharmacy degree from the University of Benin, Edo state, Nigeria. He also did his one-year internship at NAFDAC, Lagos and the one-year compulsory NYSC at Ministry of Health, Asaba, Delta state, Nigeria.

Meet Ezekwueche: Canada-Based Young Pharmacist and Fashionista
Pharm. Chukwunonso Ezekwueche

“I had a pretty normal experience growing up. We were comfortable and I lacked nothing. My mother instilled in us the virtue of always being content with what we had. I had always wanted to live abroad as a child and I always fantasized about the idea of living in a country where almost everything works, a country where there is security of lives and properties and, a country where tax payer’s money are put to good use and a country that advocates and stands for equal human rights”.

Presently residing in Toronto, Ontario, Canada – the fruition of his childhood dream, he is simultaneously practicing Pharmacy and Fashion-influencing.

“Pharmacy is my career but fashion and showing men how to look good even on a tight budget is a passion of mine. I am pursuing the two fields simultaneously. Who says you can’t joggle more than one thing at a time?”, he questioned.

When asked about his motivation to study Pharmacy in the array of other science courses, he said his love to assist people resolve their healthcare challenges as well as improve their medication adherence informed his decision.

“I just love the idea of providing solutions to people’s healthcare needs. I wanted to help people get well and improve medication adherence.

“Pharmacists are in such high demand especially in the developed countries and we enjoy a wide variety of career opportunities such as working in the hospitals, nursing homes, the pharmaceutical industry, community practice, colleges and schools.

Meet Ezekwueche: Canada-Based Young Pharmacist and Fashionista
Pharm. Chukwunonso Ezekwueche

“There’s so much you can do as a pharmacist and the opportunities are limitless. Also being a pharmacist comes with a lot of dignity and respect”.

Being an uncommon phenomenon for a pharmacist to toe the path of fashion influencing, which Nonso is blending without breaking any sweat, he said, he copes easily because fashion blogging is his hobby.

”Like I said, fashion blogging is something I enjoy doing and I do not see it as a chore at all. After I moved to Canada, I observed that the fashion scene was still struggling when compared to USA, Paris and Milan. I felt I could meet the needs in my own little way, so I rebranded my social media and started showing men that they could dress on a budget and still make a fashion statement. I have been in the influencing business for almost three years.

“When you love something, you create time for it. I have mastered the art of time management and prioritization. This helps me create a balance and make judicious use of my time so everything is taken care of”, he stated.

A dedicated community pharmacist, who delights in rendering pharmaceutical care services to his patients, Nonso believes that Pharmacy practice is same everywhere, but there are differences in drugs regulations, as some drugs that can easily be obtained over the counter in Nigeria, are strictly by prescription in Canada.

Thus to curb the wave of drug abuse and self medication in Nigeria, he urged the leadership of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN) and Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN) to take a leave from the Canadian drug regulatory policies to place more stringent policies on drug dispensing in the country .

“I am in the community practice. I worked for a few years in Lagos after my NYSC as a superintendent pharmacist in a community pharmacy. I believe that is where my calling lies, being able to render pharmaceutical advice to my patients. I find it very fulfilling and rewarding.

“Pharmacy practice is basically the same everywhere but every country has its own pharmacy laws that govern the profession and makes sure that no one acts out of turn. There is also a lot of regulation of drug usage in Canada compared to Nigeria. Some drugs you can easily get over the counter in Nigeria would require the patient to have a doctor’s prescription in Canada. For example, you cannot buy most antibiotics over the counter in Canada.

“A good way would be putting more stringent regulations on how drugs are dispensed. This would correct self-medication, drug abuse and drug misuse”, he advised.

And to young pharmacists in Nigeria and anywhere in the world, the pharmacist cum fashion influencer encourages them to follow their passion, saying there is no limit to what they can achieve.

“There is absolutely nothing wrong in having a career and a passion and pursuing them simultaneously and there is nothing stopping you from becoming whatever you want to be. You are only restricted by the limits you place on yourself. There is no limit to what you can achieve. Feel free to follow your passion sometimes that is what could make way for you. It may not be fashion, it could be singing, painting, etc. Put yourself out there. The world is waiting for you”, he quipped.

The Story of My Life: Prince Julius Adelusi-Adeluyi

2

Regal, resplendent, rich and riveting sum up his personae. Gracious in goodness, generous in giving, he signposts the essence of philanthropy. As he comes out of his automobile, unannounced, unheralded, he takes a few graceful steps in a characteristic gait of many decades. Age hasn’t removed the spring in his step. In flowing white attire, a flash of a smile and an aura of permanence, Prince Julius Adelusi-Adeluyi comes into the picture. A champion of the good life and a campaigner for the downtrodden, the world-famous pharmacist and philanthropist occupies a space few mortals can dream just some months short of clocking 80, writes Funke Olaode

 

With a pristine face and glistening skin belying the years gone by, he takes a seat in the classy hotel’s VIP lounge. Resplendent in his white attire, he gently takes off the glasses that shield his enchanting gaze. He gives a knowing nod and in a few minutes, some episodes of his life are revisited.

Prince Julius Adelusi-Adeluyi, former Minister of Health and Social Services, founder and Chairman of Juli Plc is an accomplished pharmacist, legal practitioner, and was an outstanding students’ unionist. Having been around for close to five decades making a mark in his endeavours, he has become a role model and exemplary professional with a track record of untainted integrity. Adelusi-Adeluyi’s story lies between self-determination and self-actualization.

 

The Story of My Life: Prince Julius Adelusi-Adeluyi
Prince Julius Adelusi-Adeluyi

The current chairman of the board of MTN Foundation will soon turn 80. But before his present, there was a past.

The melodious songs were filtering from the loudspeakers positioned at strategic positions of the well-decorated banquet hall inside the expansive Radisson Hotel in Ikeja, Lagos that Sunday evening.

It wasn’t an ‘Owanbe’ setting but a gathering of legal luminaries who had emerged from the University of Lagos where they graduated in 1986. Tagged, ‘Unilag Class Law ‘86’, this group of successful lawyers gathered to celebrates themselves and how to move their alma mater forward. Surprisingly, among these young professionals was an accomplished pharmacist and founder of Juli Plc, Prince Julius Adelusi-Adeluyi.

Regal in his signature white apparel, the Ado-Ekiti-born prince’s personality looms large; handsome and tall as he walked majestically into the waiting arms of his classmates who were delighted to see him. For over five decades, Adelusi-Adeluyi has dominated Nigeria and international environments with his untainted personality. His image looms large as one of the most successful professionals of his time. It may not be in terms of heavy cash, but his consistency in his field of profession, pharmacy and legal profession where his services have touched many lives have constantly thrown his image up. Adelusi-Adelusi is adored by many playing many roles as a professional and philanthropist.

Born August 2, 1940, Adelusi-Adeluyi has always had a knack for professional excellence which has constantly been his propelling force. His road to professional attainment began at the then University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University) where he was a pioneer student at the department of pharmacy of the foremost tertiary institution. With dedication, commitment to a professional calling, he graduated in 1965. While pursuing pharmacy, he was also an outstanding student and youth leader at the local, national and international levels. He served as Vice-president for International Affairs of the National Union of Nigerian Students (NUNS) in 1964.

Immediately after graduation, one would have expected him to go straight into practice. Rather, he soaked himself further into students’ unionism taking him up to the international stage. At the international level, he was elected in 1965 by student organizations worldwide during their Annual Conference at Christ Church, New Zealand. Adelusi-Adeluyi became the secretary-general of the world student body the International Students Conference (ISC) with headquarters in Leiden, Holland.

He demonstrated his exceptional grasp of leadership and administration because, in his capacity, he built student union organizations in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. In the process, he visited 143 countries and became multilingual. He led a seventeen-nation delegation to Nigeria during the civil war for advocacy and peaceful resolution of the conflict. The delegation visited the war front and the then Head of State, Gen. Yakubu Gowon, who in a special letter commended him for youth service to the nation.

After his mission in Holland, Adelusi-Adeluyi came back to Nigeria in 1968 and began a business in pharmacy aged about 28. He founded JULI PLC (formerly Juli Pharmacy Ltd) in 1970, which happened to be the first indigenously promoted company to be quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. That was in 1986.

Adelusi-Adeluyi is acknowledged as a champion of high ethical standards in business and professions. His service to the nation and his professional calling haven’t gone unnoticed which had earned him various national positions at the highest level. He was Nigeria’s Minister of Health and Social Services, ex-group chairman of Oodua Investment Conglomerate, an organization that coordinates the economic and cultural legacy of the South-Western states. He is a founding and distinguished fellow of the Institute of Directors (DFIoD), Nigeria, after many years of a fellowship of IoD in the UK.

He is a fellow and pioneer President of the Nigerian Academy of Pharmacy. He is also a fellow of the Nigerian Institute of management, Past President and Fellow of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria and the West African Pharmaceutical Postgraduate College (FWAPPC). He received the national awards MFR in 1986 and OFR in 2002. He is currently the chairman of the board of the MTN Foundation which has expended billions of naira in the last 12 years in the fields of education, health and economic empowerment of disadvantaged persons and communities positively affecting the lives of millions of Nigerians.

 

A philanthropist par excellence, Prince Adelusi-Adeluyi joined the Rotary Club of Ikeja, Nigeria in 1969. He served as the president of the club in 1977/78. He was elected as district governor-elect for District 210 covering West Africa in 1980. By 1982, Nigeria was carved out of District 210 and named District 911. Thus he became the first district governor of Rotary District 911 covering the whole of Nigeria for the 1982/83 year. In this capacity, he laid a solid foundation for the growth of Rotary in Nigeria. He has represented different RI presidents at district conferences in North and South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Always looking calm and collected, you could mistake him for a man in his 60s. Is this a reflection of his personality?

“Yes. It is my background and the way I was brought up by my parents and guardians. I grew up with the missionaries such as reverend fathers, bishops in the Catholic Church. The standard is very simple but details and that get into you. My parents, my guardians and the environment shaped me. And of course, the various degrees that I have acquired.

“Well, when God gives you contentment the rest is easy. I mean in every situation count your blessings and believe there is no cause for alarm,” he simply says with a flash of a smile.

Adelusi-Adeluyi as an accomplished pharmacist is also a legal practitioner. He graduated from the University of Lagos where he studied law in 1986. At Unilag, he was taught by the current Vice-President, Prof. Yemi Osinbajo (SAN). He was at the Nigerian Law school in 1987 and emerged as the best graduating student in the class of 1987.

 

Though committed to the pharmacy, he went ahead to practise law. He was a member of the Black Table of the Chambers of Chief F.R.A Williams. He has been in pro bono legal practice promoting free legal aid to prisoners and underprivileged for many years.

 

“I went back to the pharmacy later but still kept my pro bono legal service particularly where people are suffering such as prison. Some inmates have been there for more than 10 years without being charged to court. So we visit the prison, take up their cases to see if we can free them. I have been doing it for over 30 years and I am still doing it. I have tremendous fulfilment from the exercise,” says Adelusi-Adeluyi.

The Ekiti prince sheds more light on why he has had to mix pharmacy with law -even studying law at a relatively old age.

 

“Yes, I did pharmacy as a young man or at a younger age at the then University of Ife now Obafemi Awolowo University. We were the pioneer set and I finished in 1965. I got involved in student unionism for three years and after my mission in Holland, I came back to Nigeria in 1968 and began my pharmacy business. I was about 28 years. I established my company in 1970 when I was 30 years old and the company was the first indigenous company to be on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE),” he recollects.

 

From 1970 when he started the business of pharmacy, it occurred to him as the then chairman of the indigenous business group of the chamber of commerce that indigenous company should be on the Nigerian Stock Exchange, which was dominated by expatriates at the time.

 

He adds, “Apart from this, there were no specific rules for indigenous companies to be integrated into the NSE. I had always wanted to study law but the interest was further boosted by my interest and preparation for going into NSE. That was how I enrolled at the University of Lagos to study law as a full-time student. I took a room at the university and the students were excited.”

Adelusi-Adeluyi was already an established man when he chose to study law, living among the students. How did he adapt to the environment?

 

“It is a matter of organization and being humble because if you are mixing with some of these young people, you have to humble yourself to be able to cope. The present Vice-President, Prof. Yemi Osinbajo (SAN) was one of my teachers. He was a young man in his 20s when he taught me. When you find yourself in such an environment it takes determination for you to continue. It was a good experience.”

For a prince, who started a business as a greenhorn in his late 20s, there was always a cloud of uncertainty hovering but for Adelusi-Adeluyi, the prospects of the venture, his determination, and tenacity far outweighed any doubt.

 

“I had acquired some experiences working with an international organization outside the country before I decided to be my own boss so that I can design my own time for my own use. And by the time I was getting quoted on the stock exchange, I had already established 22 branches of my business in the 80s. No other person had more than two or three branches then but I had 22. So it is a question of determination and the grace of God,” he explains.

For almost five decades and still counting, he has been able to keep the name of Juli Pharmacy.

“God has been my strength,” says Adelusi-Adeluyi for the company’s 49 years of doing business.

“Juli Pharmacy is an organization that is simple but offers quality service,” he adds.

“Service is our number one priority. Profit can come from it though may not come in volume but what is paramount in our business is quality service delivery and people realize that if you want quality you can go to any length to get it. People come from as far as Ghana to pick up their medicine(s). We are happy with what we have.”

 

Adelusi-Adeluyi is a fantastic family man. An encounter with him and his better half will leave a lasting impression. He’s been married to his wife, Juliana, for about 50 years. But the passage of time and ageing have not affected the adorable couple, who live almost inseparably. They are always together.

“Her birthday was on December 14,” he says fondly of his wife.

“We have been married for 49 years having got married on January 31 and the grace of God has kept us going because nobody is perfect,” a delighted Adelusi-Adeluyi adds.

He provides the key to their happy marriage. “The ability to accommodate and forgive each other is important. Anybody giving tips on successful marriage is just a mere academic exercise because some people work hard on marriage but it would not work but the grace of God is sufficient.”

In a few months, Mr. Ethics as he is fondly called will be 80. As he looks forward to that magnificent age, he couldn’t hide his excitement.

“Gratitude to God,” he mouths when asked how he feels about clocking 80. “I have an attitude of gratitude to God.”

With a sense of fulfilment in life, the prince says further, “I am wired to provide service in various ways which I am doing through various organizations that I belong to. It has given me the opportunity to touch lives and I am grateful to God for that even with the enterprise called Juli. Though it is not a roaring enterprise in terms of generating big-time money it has given me a platform to provide service for generations. I thank God and I feel fulfilled.”

It’s perhaps going to be the biggest bash he’s ever had. But he feels it’s still too early to discuss the details of his 80th birthday celebration.

“It is still in August and I don’t want to talk about it in detail now,” explains the Ekiti prince.

A man of phenomenal success, brilliance, and bravura, he exudes an air of enigma with his white attire. He wears no other colour.

“My preference or taste for white was developed when I became the first district governor of the Rotary Club in Nigeria and had to impress on the international community with Nigerian attire. I first started with aso-oke. My wife and I would dress up in aso-oke to attend various conferences around the world. Then we got through all that and after some time I settled for white apparel. White is simple. White gives you discipline because you have to be clean and white fits every occasion,” says Adelusi-Adeluyi.

It’s not likely he’s going to wear another colour. Yet, he has found a way to spice up the monotony of always wearing white attire.

“If you open my wardrobe you can’t find any other colour as all of them (attire) are white. I try to match my white apparel with indigenous aso-oke with hand-made caps and shoes. That’s classy. This gives colour to the monotony of white,” the fashionable pharmacist says.

 

THISDAY

 

 

Amazing Psychological Health Benefits of Music

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Some people listen to music to shift their mood, while others do so to alleviate feelings of depression, unhappiness, or emotional discomfort.  A recent study from the University of California, Berkeley has identified subjective experiences that different kinds of music can evoke in people.

Have you ever been in a situation where you wanted a playlist of musical tracks to put you in a certain mood for example, to motivate you to work but were unsure how to find it or put it together?

Soon, it may become easier to find music to suit your current emotions or kick start you into action, thanks to a recent study from researchers at the University of California, Berkeley.

The research, which doctoral student Alan Cowen led, used more than 2,000 music samples to gauge how different types of music influenced emotion in cohorts from two different countries and cultures: the United States and China.

“We have rigorously documented the largest array of emotions that are universally felt through the language of music,” says the study’s senior author Prof. Dacher Keltner. The study findings now appear in PNAS.

For their study, the researchers recruited 1,591 participants from the U.S. and 1,258 participants from China, who listened to a total of 2,168 samples of different types of music.

A happy young black guy listening to music: Music is the food to the soul

A first experiment involved a subgroup of U.S. and Chinese participants who listened to a music library of 1,841 samples, which they rated on 11 scales assessing for broad affective features.

This primary investigation allowed the investigators to come up with a long list of possible emotional experiences that different types of song could evoke.

It also allowed the researchers to verify how participants from different cultures perceived the same subjective experiences that the music tracks elicited.

“People from different cultures can agree that a song is angry but can differ on whether that feeling is positive or negative,” notes Cowen.

Further experiments eventually led the researchers to identify emotions associated with music, which participants from both countries recognized.

The categories were: amusing, annoying, anxious or tense, beautiful, calm or relaxing or serene, dreamy, energizing, erotic or desirous, indignant or defiant, joyful or cheerful, sad or depressing, scary or fearful, and triumphant or heroic.

Participants tended to experience feelings of defiance when listening to heavy metal and, as the researchers had predicted, feelings of fear when they heard the track “The Murder” by Bernard Herrmann, which served as background music for the famous shower scene in Alfred Hitchcock’s film Psycho.

To make sure that participants from different cultures really did experience the same emotions when listening to certain types, the researchers also conducted a confirmation experiment that they had designed to eliminate, as far as possible, cultural biases.

This experiment involved asking participants to listen to more than 300 traditional instrumental tracks from both Western and Chinese cultures. The participants’ responses confirmed the findings: Listeners from both the U.S. and China reported that these tracks evoked similar emotions.

“It is a universal language, but we don’t always pay enough attention to what it’s saying and how it’s being understood,” notes Cowen.

“We wanted to take an important first step toward solving the mystery of how music can evoke so many nuanced emotions,” he added.

“Imagine organizing a massively eclectic music library by emotion and capturing the combination of feelings associated with each track. That’s essentially what our study has done,”Alan Cowen said.

In the future, the researchers believe that their work may even have practical applications. It may help psychologists and psychiatrists develop better therapies involving music and better allow developers to program music streaming services to identify playlists that will fit the listener’s current mood.

People tend to listen to cheerful songs when they want to improve their mood because specific qualities contained in that music amuse us and improve our emotional state.

NIMR Celebrates Appointment of Five Researchers as Professors

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The joy of the Director General, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) Professor Babatunde Salako and his management team knew no bound as five of his top researchers were recently promoted as professors by various universities within and outside Nigeria.

In celebrating these scholars, the institute organised a cocktail get-together to welcome the newly appointed professors to the court of professors, as well as to officially unveil the newly created Rooftop Recreational Arena for staff of the institute.

The names of the five newly promoted researchers are: Prof. Nkiruka Odunukwe; Prof. Pheabian Akinwale; Prof. Samson Awolola; Prof. Oliver Ezechi; and Prof. Rosemary Audu.

NIMR Celebrates Appointment of Five Researchers as Professors
L-R: Prof. Samson Awolola; Director General, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) Professor Babatunde Salako; Prof. Rosemary Audu; Prof. Oni Idigbe; and Prof. Oliver Ezechi, at the celebration.

Expressing his utmost delight with the developments, the DG noted that of all his contributions in the institute, the two events being celebrated were most significant to him. “Of all my contributions in NIMR, these two things excite me most, that these dedicated researchers were promoted to professorial level during my tenure, and the opening of this new Rooftop staff recreational centre”.

Prof. Salako further remarked on the elevation of the researchers, saying when he resumed at the institute, he discovered that there was a migration trend  of researchers to universities, for the sake of promotion, so he decided to change the trend by finding a solution to the problem.

He actually acknowledged that with the level of work done by these scholars, they would have been made professors years back, if they were in the university system, “but we still appreciate that it is now a reality”.

He however charged the new professors to be very thorough in their works more than ever before, because they now have power to make people professors with their recommendations. “Be as critical as possible, don’t be evil minded, don’t put a ‘but’ in a person’s result, as we wish you well today”.

The new professors, in return appreciated the DG and other staff members of NIMR for their support all through the years, because just like a tree cannot make a forest, they wouldn’t have been able to do much without the collaboration of their colleagues.

Study Reveals Why Cosmetics May Cause Skin Rashes

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Most times, allergic reactions in the skin can be caused by different chemical compounds in creams, cosmetics, and other consumer products, but how they trigger the reaction has remained somewhat mysterious.

Recently, a study led by researchers at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Monash University have suggested that the way some chemicals displace natural fats in skin cells may explain how many common ingredients trigger allergic contact dermatitis, and encouragingly, recommended a new way to treat the condition.

Why some chemicals trigger dermatitis is a mystery

Poison ivy is a commonly known trigger for allergic contact dermatitis, but the reaction can also be caused by many ingredients of consumer products and has become highly prevalent in industrialized nations.

The reaction begins if the immune system’s T cells recognize a chemical as foreign. Research suggests that generally small chemicals must bind to a larger protein in order to become visible to T cells, and few chemicals do this by undergoing a chemical reaction inside our body.

Study Reveals Why Cosmetics May Cause Skin Rashes
Study Reveals Why Cosmetics May Cause Skin Rashes

“However, many small compounds that trigger allergic contact dermatitis lack the chemical groups needed for this reaction to occur,” says study co-leader Annemieke de Jong, Ph.D., assistant professor of dermatology at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.

“These small chemicals should be invisible to T cells, but they’re not.”

Subhead: Skin cells unmask allergy-inducing chemicals

De Jong and her colleagues suspected that CD1a, an abundant molecule on the skin’s Langerhans cells (immune cells in the skin’s outer layer) might be responsible for making these chemicals visible to T cells.

In the current study, conducted with human cells in tissue culture, the researchers found that several common chemicals known to trigger allergic contact dermatitis were able to bind to CD1a molecules on the surface of Langerhans cells and activate T cells.

These chemicals included Balsam of Peru and farnesol, which are found in many personal care products, such as skin creams, toothpaste, and fragrances. Overall, the researchers identified more than a dozen small chemicals that activated T cells through CD1a.

“Our work shows how these chemicals can activate T cells, but since we did not do a patient study, we have to be cautious about claiming that this is definitively how it works in allergic patients,” de Jong says. “The study does pave the way for follow up studies to confirm the mechanism in allergic patients and design inhibitors of the response.”

New Ideas for Treatment

CD1a molecules normally bind the skin’s own naturally occurring fats in its tunnel-like interior. These fats protrude from the tunnel, creating a physical barrier that prevents CD1a from interacting with T cells.

Based on structural work done at Monash University, farnesol, one of the allergens identified in this study, was shown to hide inside the tunnel of CD1a, displacing the resident natural fats. “This displacement makes the CD1a surface visible to the T cells resulting in an immune reaction” de Jong says.

The study published in Science Immunology, showed that this discovery raises the possibility that allergic contact dermatitis could be stopped by applying competing fats to the skin to displace ones triggering the immune reaction.

Currently, the only way to stop allergic contact dermatitis is to identify and avoid contact with the offending chemical.

Now that harmattan is out, several physicians are recommending natural ointments like olive oil, coconut oil and argan oil for the season, reports has shown that it is the best and can help smooth the skin. So why not go for it instead?

 

Again, XLR8 Receives NIPR Presidential Award of Excellence for 2019

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Leading West African communications consultancy, XLR8 has once again won the 2019 Corporate Practitioner of Excellence presidential award of the Nigerian Institute of Public Relations, NIPR.

The award is in recognition of the organization’s professionalism, hallmarked by the value it continues to consistently deliver to its clientele on the back of well-crafted and unimpeachably implemented communications strategy.

Again, XLR8 Receives NIPR Presidential Award of Excellence for 2019
L-R: General Counsel, XLR8, Mrs Alero Okoruwa; Chairman, Education Advisory Board and Member of Nigerian Institute of Public Relations (NIPR) Council, Prof. Emmanuel Dandaura; and CEO, XLR8, Pharm. Calixthus Okoruwa, during the presentation of NIPR’s Corporate Practitioner of Excellence Presidential Award for 2019 to XLR8, at the 2019 Presidential Dinner and Awards ceremony, held in Lagos, recently.

Noted for the rigor and depth which routinely underscore its work, XLR8 has consulted for a robust clientele that cuts across diverse industries that include telecommunications and technology, banking and financial services, fast moving consumer goods, food and beverage, broadcasting and entertainment among others.

Again, XLR8 Receives NIPR Presidential Award of Excellence for 2019
L-R: The President, Nigerian Institute of Public Relations, Mukhtar Sirajo; General Counsel, XLR8, Mrs Alero Okoruwa; CEO, XLR8, Pharm. Calixthus Okoruwa; and immediate Past President, NIPR, Dr Rotimi Oladele, at the 2019 Presidential Dinner and Awards ceremony, where XLR8 won NIPR’s Corporate Practitioner of Excellence Presidential Award for 2019, held in Lagos, recently.

This is the third time XLR8 will be receiving the NIPR excellence award consecutively. XLR8 received the NIPR Presidential Award of Excellence in 2017. In 2018, it received the “most outstanding public relations consultancy” award from the Lagos Chapter of the Nigerian Institute of Public Relations. And now, the 2019 Corporate Practitioner of Excellence presidential award.

According to the Chief Executive Officer of XLR8, Pharm. Calixthus Okoruwa,  who is also a Fellow of the Nigeria Academy of Pharmacy : “We are humbled that our work continues to receive the recognition and endorsement of no less an authority than the industry regulator, the Nigerian Institute of Public Relations.” He added that: “The awards motivate us to perpetually strive to deliver best value to our clientele, with excellence as our watchword.”

 

 

Select the Emetic Agent Having a Reflex Action:

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Select the emetic agent having a reflex action:

a) Ipecacuanha derivatives

b) Apomorphine hydroclorid

c) Chlorpromazine

d) Metoclopramide

Thinking of Losing Some Weight? Try Ketogenic Diet!

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Can a diet rich in fat and protein really be a recipe for losing weight? Well, it sounds incredible, especially in our present world in which the word fat has been constantly associated with obesity, heart disease and other ailments.

Yet, a compelling number of studies from researchers and insights from nutritionists are continuing to prove that consistently eating a low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet has several health benefits, one of which is achieving and maintaining a healthy weight!

This “miracle-diet” is known as the ketogenic diet or keto diet for short. And it should come as a relief to you, especially if you have been thinking of shedding some weight without necessarily having to do away with your favorite high-fat foods, such as cheese, whole eggs and nuts, as some have made us believe for long.

Yes, it had taken some time, but more and more people are getting to know that consuming fat is not the problem in most issues relating to weight gain and heart ailments. In fact, it may surprise you that there are high-fat foods that not only help the heart to function optimally but also prevent heart diseases.

What is Keto Diet

The ketogenic diet is a high-fat diet with moderate protein content and a low carbohydrate allowance. It aims at reducing the average calorie intake by minimising carbohydrates and replacing them with healthy fats and moderate amounts of high-quality protein. This causes the body to switch to using its stored fat for fuel instead of utilising glucose. This “switching” is referred to as “ketosis”, from which the diet gets its name. Explaining this further, Ellit Upton, a fitness expert, says “The idea of keto is to take in such a low amount of carbohydrates that your body switches to a metabolic state called ‘ketosis’ where it uses fat and ketones for fuel instead of glucose.”

This revolutionary keto diet is apparently at variance with the knowledge that many of us had harboured about losing weight. Indeed, in the past, nutritionists used to recommend for those who wanted to lose weight, a diet low in fats and high in carbohydrates. The trouble with such diets, however, is that not only are they high in calories but they get used up by the body more quickly, leaving one to soon become hungry again and the cycle of eating and feeling hungry continues. Moreover diets high in carbohydrates have been found to increase the body’s glycaemic load, while also triggering the body to store rather than burn fat and thus leading to weight gain in the long run.

Thinking of Losing some Weight? Try Ketogenic Diet!
Thinking of Losing some Weight? Try Ketogenic Diet!

This is where the keto diet comes to the rescue. When, for instance, a person decides to take less than 40 grams of carbohydrates in a day, the body soon runs out of blood sugar; afterwards the body starts to break down protein and fat for energy, which can make one lose weight.

Fats make you have a feeling of being full and they also do not get used up by the body easily, thereby reducing your craving for food. It is no surprise therefore than in a recent research conducted at John Hopkins University, United States, in which two groups of people were placed on low-fat and low-carbohydrates diets respectively for six months, it was found that those in the low-carb group lost much more pounds on the average.

Food metabolism and Ketogenesis

There are four sources of calories for the body: carbohydrates, protein, fats, and alcohol. The body tends to utilise a given source of fuel for energy in relation to its availability and concentration in the bloodstream. Carbohydrates are the most preferred source of calories because they can be broken down quickly to glucose, the primary metabolic fuel of the body. However, the body can increase or decrease its use of glucose in direct proportion to the amount of dietary carbohydrate consumed. Fat utilisation is dependent on carbohydrates and alcohol consumption.

Nutritionist, Kimberly Holland, says, “The goal of a ketogenic diet is to force your body to stop burning its favorite fuel—glucose from the carbs you eat—and start burning fat stores for energy. The body does this by converting the fats to ketones.” Thus, the ketogenic diet aims at reducing the average calorie intake by minimising carbohydrates and replacing them with a large number of healthy fats and moderate amounts of protein. This mimics starvation or fasting state as the body enters into a condition known as ketosis. Ketosis means that the body is in a state where it doesn’t have enough glucose available to use as energy, forcing it to metabolize free fatty acids as an alternative fuel.

Ngela Mavridis, an LA-based holistic nutritionist, explained that the ketogenic diet is a neat little trick of our body’s biology. Mavridis, who has worked with many top models who walk the runways said that if you are trying to lose weight, you should take more fat, as it has consistently proven to be effective.

Sounds a little weird? It’s not, says Mavridis. “The human body is designed in a way that it can handle this kind of food,” she enthused. To prove this, she cited the example of one Deborah Syan who had been trying to lose some weight, and tried every other diet without a positive yield until she stumbled on a post on Instagram about the ketonic diet in 2017. According to her, within three months of the diet, she had lost 65 pounds; a year later, she had lost 200 pounds.

How the Ketogenic Diet Works

Keto diet will help you to shed a lot of pounds more in the first four to eight months more than the Mediterranean diet, and this is because it takes a lot of calories to change fat into energy than it does to turn carbohydrate into energy.

A typical keto dieter’s day is about 50-70% fat, 10-20% protein, and 5% carbohydrates.  Some of the constituents of the diet may be surprising. Regular foods include meat, fish, butter, eggs, nuts and low-carb vegetables. Apparently, not all vegetables get a full green light in the keto diet. Certain vegetables, like potatoes and onions, are higher in carbohydrates and must be taken reasonably. For fruit, you can eat most berries but should stay away from tropical fruits and even prosaic stuff like apples and orange, since they are high in sugar. For meat and cheese and other dairies you buy, keep an eye out for added sugars.

Generally, you will have to drastically reduce or totally remove the following from your diet to make it ketogenic: sugary foods, such as soda, fruit juice, cake; grains and starches; beans and legumes, root vegetables and tuber, unhealthy fats and alcohol. On the other hand will have to increase intake of the following: meat, bacon, turkey, fatty fish, butter and cream and the likes.

Beyond Weight Shedding

Although a lot of people take to ketogenic diet for the purpose of shedding pounds, several studies have however shown that the diet can help to manage issues such as brain diseases, cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes, epilepsy, heart disease, acne, and other nervous system disorder. However there is still a need for more research to be done in this aspect. Ensure you talk to your doctor when you are about to try the diet.

 

A ketogenic diet is vital to endurance athletes, runners and cyclists – for example, when they train. Over time, it helps your muscle-to-fat ratio and raises the amount of oxygen your body can use when it’s working hard. But while it might help in training, it may not work as well as other diets for peak performance.

Side Effects

As with every other diet used to manage metabolic diseases, the ketogenic diet also has its limitations. Therefore, it is crucial that you consult a dietician or doctor who can advise you on the best way to approach it. Some of the common side-effects of the diet aren’t usually serious. You might have constipation, mild low blood sugar, or indigestion. Much less often, low-carb diets can lead to kidney stones or high levels of acid in your body (acidosis).

Other side effects include the “keto flu,” which may come with headache, irritability, bad breath, fatigue, weakness, light-headedness, headaches, and mild irritability. However, each of these can be treated quickly. Cheeringly, most of the symptoms wane off after the first week of the diet.

It is worth mentioning that some people confuse ketoacidosis, an extremely abnormal form of ketosis, with the healthy benign dietary ketosis associated with ketogenic diets. Good nutritional ketosis is a controlled, insulin-regulated process, which results in a mild release of fatty acids and ketone body production in response to low carbohydrate intake, and higher fat consumption. On the other hand, Ketoacidosis is a condition in which abnormal quantities of ketones are produced in a chaotic biochemical situation.

To reach a state of ketoacidosis, the body has to be in a state of not producing enough insulin to regulate the flow of fatty acids and the creation of ketone bodies.

 

 

Regular Jogging Can Boost Your Memory, Study Finds

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A new study conducted by researchers from the University of Arizona, have found that running stimulates your memory and also helps to keep you alert.

The scientists who studied 11 male runners aged between 18 and 25 and another set of 11 young men who said that they had not exercised in the past year, discovered that increased connectivity between brain regions is known to improve memory, the ability to multi-task.

Regular Jogging Can Boost Your Memory, Study Finds
Regular Jogging Can Boost Your Memory, Study Finds

According to a report published on Daily Mail Online, the researchers noted that going for an early morning run could help to keep you alert for the rest of the day, while the brains of inactive men didn’t show quite the same levels of alertness.

While previous studies have confirmed that playing a musical instrument can stimulate the same region – the frontal cortex – this is the first time scientists have linked it to running, to keeping the brain active.

“Part of the brain responsible for decision-making and planning is activated during a jog, a study found. ‘To me, this suggests that running may not be such a simple activity after all,’ said Professor Gene Alexander, who co-led the study.

‘It requires complex navigational skills plus an ability to plan, monitor and respond to the environment, juggle memories of past runs, and also continue with all of the motor activities of running, which are very complicated.’

Exercise helps memory and thinking through both direct and indirect means. The benefits of exercise come directly from its ability to reduce insulin resistance, reduce inflammation, and stimulate the release of growth factors—chemicals in the brain that affect the health of brain cells, the growth of new blood vessels in the brain, and even the abundance and survival of new brain cells.

Indirectly, exercise improves mood and sleep, and reduces stress and anxiety. Problems in these areas frequently cause or contribute to cognitive impairment.

Begin the Year by Incorporating Moringa into your Daily Diet

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Popularly referred to as Tree of Life, Moringa tree contains more than 90 nutrients including 40 powerful antioxidants. In fact, practically every part of the plant contains important minerals which are a good source of protein, vitamins, beta-carotene, amino acids, and various phenolics.

Moringa leaves are small, thick, and tear-drop shaped and grows rapidly as the plant matures. The leaves are strong and firm and can be easily picked from the tree’s branches.

Its leaves, when converted to powder contain all eight essential amino acids required for proper protein synthesis. It is rich in flavonoids, including Quercetin, Kaempferol, Beta-Sitosterol, Caffeoylquinic acid, and Zeatin. Stacked full of nutrients, anti-oxidants, and vital proteins, it is quite possibly the most amazing botanical ever studied.

According to a research study carried out at the department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,  Nasarawa State University, titled “Proximate study, mineral and anti-nutrient composition of  moringa oleifera leaves harvested from Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria: potential benefits in poultry nutrition and health” by  Ogbe, A.O.  and John P. Affiku, it revealed the presence of high crude protein and the presence of these essential nutrients and minerals implies Moringa oleifera leaves from Lafia, could be utilized as a source of feed supplement to improve growth performance and health status of poultry.

Plant oil from seeds and leaves of  Moringa oleifera are in high demand for their medicinal value. Apart from the medicinal uses, Moringa oleifera has been reported to be a good source of vitamins and amino acids, and also claimed to boost immune systems.

Begin the Year by Incorporating Moringa into your Daily Diet
Branches of a Moringa tree

In the study, the levels of anti-nutrients detected in Moringa leaves appeared very low. The presence of essential nutrients and minerals in Moringa leaves implies they could be utilized to improve growth performance and health status of poultry. Certain bioactive chemical compounds (like saponins, tannins and other phytochemicals), which are known as secondary metabolites of plants are said to have pharmacologically active agents (Soetan and Oyewole, 2009).

Moringa grows in over 82 countries and is known by over 200 different names. Its leaves are considered to have the highest protein ratio of any plant so far studied on earth. It is recognised throughout the world as an important source of nutrition by the National Geographic Society, the National Science Foundation, and the United Nations World Food Program. Hundreds of charitable organisations have based entire nutrition programs and sustainability programs around the plant.

Health benefits of consuming Moringa:

Increases the body’s immune system

Provides nourishment to the brain and body

Promotes energy

Decreases anxiety, depression, and sleep related disorders

Promotes cell structure of the body

Calms, moisturizes, and nourishes the skin

Promotes the normal functioning of the liver and kidney

Contains antioxidants

Promotes a healthy circulatory system

Supports normal sugar levels

Aids in stabilizing diabetes

Aids in reducing inflammation and related conditions like arthritis.

As a nutritional supplement, the leaves are harvested and dried at a low temperature, ensuring the nutrients remain intact in the leaf tissue. Once dried, Moringa leaves are pulverized into a fine powder-like consistency, making them easy to pack and more readily available for health-conscious individuals.

They can also be contained in capsules for easy and convenient digestion, and offer the full benefits of a highly nutritious superfood. The best capsules contain only fresh, pure, uncut Moringa, with no teas or other fillers.

Amazingly, Moringa leaves can be regularly harvested and the vigorous plant quickly grows new leaves. Second only to bamboo

Moringa leaves, from the Moringa tree, are a welcome addition to any diet, whether in its fresh state, or dried and ground into powder. For those who are fortunate enough to live in any area where the ground does not freeze in the winter, a Moringa tree can provide excellent nourishment year-round. Those who live in areas where the ground freezes, can still add Moringa leaves, and the buds, blossoms, and pods to their diet, but growing it as an annual.

We mostly eat the Moringa leaves, and here is how we do it. Add the Moringa leaves right at the end, or put them on top of the pizza sauce, and then put the cheese on top, and “mist” with a little olive oil and garlic salt – talk about delicious!

For fresh leaves, it is best to grow them, yourself. There are a few places that sell the dried leaves, which reconstitute beautifully. If you can grow a Moringa tree, or several as a hedge, you can strip the leaves off the Moringa branches, and add them to your regular food.

If you have never eaten Moringa leaves before, you’ll be pleasantly surprised at the “meaty” taste of the leaves, how well they combine with other foods and how good you feel after you eat them.

Another way that we really enjoy eating Moringa, is to add it to omelettes, or omelets – however you spell it, the dish is the same. The taste is just incredible. Moringa has a “pecany-spinach” taste – sort of like “nutty” greens. When the leaves are fresh, they have a slight “bite” to them; one reason that it is also called the “Horseradish Tree”. The root is also used, instead of horseradish, but we do not suggest doing that – you’ll see why in the tips and warnings section. I cannot stress that part enough – leave the root – alone! When the leaves are cooked, or salad dressing is added to them, they lose their “bite”.

How to incorporate Moringa into your meal

Moringa leaves, in fresh or powdered form, can be added to salads, cooked like spinach or other steamed vegetables, or included in soups, curries, and gravies. The leaf powder retains a deep green consistency when fresh – a good sign also that your leaf powder is of a high quality.

The best time to add the Moringa, whether you use leaves, buds, or blossoms, is right near the end of the cooking time, just like you do with Moringa Chili. If you are using chopped pods, add it to your beaten eggs, right when they go into the hot skillet. The pods just require a little more cooking time than the leaves, buds, and blossoms.

For the meatloaf lovers, here is another way to incorporate Moringa into your daily diet. Moringa combines well with any type of meatloaf you can imagine – even “meatless” meatloaf.

Any form of this can be added, to a regular meatloaf. You can successfully use the chopped pods, the buds, the flower blossoms, the leaves, or the powder – they will all absorb the flavors of your meatloaf’s ingredients, and add some more valuable nutrition, in the process.

For meat loaf, just add any form of which you wish, about ½ cup to 1 cup, to the ingredients that you normally use. Wait a minute! If you are using Moringa leaf powder, you’d better cut that back to about 3 full tablespoons. That will be more than sufficient, to add taste and nutrients.

Moringa cooks quickly. If you sauté it, just cook it until it turns bright green, and wilts a bit. Do not overcook Moringa, in any form! As with most greens, it will become bitter, and lose most of its valuable nutrien

Start out with small amounts, as Moringa is a powerful energy booster.

For the best taste, and nutrition, add Moringa leaves, buds, and blossoms, right near the end of cooking time for most dishes.

Moringa can be added to leafy salads, dips, soups, stews, pap, tea, sauce, drinks and dumplings, macaroni and cheese, grilled cheese sandwiches, tuna salad, chicken salad, ham salad, potatoes au gratin, grain dishes – such as rice, and wheat.

 

References

http://www.moringamatters.com/how_to_eat_moringa_leaves.html

http://www.moringasource.com/moringa-leaf.php

Journal of Microbiology,

Biotechnology and Ogbe et al. 2011/12 : 1 (3) 296-308

 

Treating and Preventing Malaria with Sunflower

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The use of medicinal plants as foods and medicines is becoming more popular, as the campaign for consumption of natural, rather than processed foods, continues to spread. Consequently, efforts are already being made to tap into the health benefits of certain plants, in a bid to reduce the disease burden of Africa, as a whole, and Nigeria, in particular.

Tithonia diversifolia (commonly called wild sunflower or tree marigold), a member of the Asteraceae family, is one of the medicinal plants under consideration. Locally known as Jogbo or Agbale among the Yorubas and Izondiri in some eastern parts of the country, researchers have found it to be effective in the treatment and prevention of malaria.

According to a study conducted by Dr. Taiwo O. Elufioye and J. M. Agbedahunsi of the Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria,  ethanolic extracts of Tithonia diversifolia and the stem bark of Crossopteryx febrifuga gave some level of suppression of parasitaemia in the early and established infection stages. Titled, “Antimalarial activities of Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) and Crossopteryx febrifuga (Rubiaceae) on mice in vivo”, the study was published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

Another study, published in the Journal of Medicinal Plants Research and titled “Anti-malarial and repellent activities of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) leaf extracts”, also corroborated the effectiveness of the plant extracts in curing malaria and other domestic ailments.

Treating and Preventing Malaria with Sunflower
Treating and Preventing Malaria with Sunflower

According to the researchers, extracts from the leaf of Tithonia diversifolia used in folk medicine for treatment of various ailments were tested, under laboratory conditions, for antimalaria and mosquito repellency properties in experimental animals and human volunteers. Comparison of the effectiveness of Chloroquine with the aqueous and methanolic extracts from the plant (T. diversifolia) showed that Chloroquine was 100 per cent effective in clearing the parasite, while the aqueous and methanolic extracts were 50 and 74 per cent effective in clearing the parasites respectively.

They reported that both aqueous and methanolic extracts were more effective when administered before the onset of the infection, probably indicating the time-dependency of the antimalaria effects. Earlier application of the extracts at the onset of the malaria symptoms was more effective in reducing the parasitemia within a few days. The administration of the plant extracts during the malaria episode was also effective with longer period of administration.

The LC50 of the aqueous extract in mice was 1.2ml/100g body weight while the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) was found to be 1.0ml/g. The repellent activity of volatile oil at different concentrations was measured by protection period against the bites of Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The volatile oil extract showed higher repellent effect on A. gambiae at higher concentrations. However, its repellent and protective effects at various concentrations on all other species of mosquito tested cannot be underestimated.

Other Health Benefits of the Sunflower

• Analgesic/Anti-Inflammatory: A study of methanol extract of dried leaves of TD (Tithonia diversifolia) produced dose-related inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. The analgesic effect was observed with hot plate latency assays. Results confirm the traditional use of TD for the treatment of painful inflammatory conditions.

• Sesquiterpene Lactones/Anti-Inflammatory/Antibacterial: The main sesquiterpene lactones of species growing in Costa Rica – diversifolin, diversifolin methyl ester and tirotundin – were studied for their anti-inflammatory activity. Results showed inhibitory activity of the 3 compounds, attributed to aklation of cysteine residues. Diversifolin was also found to have antibacterial activity, moderately active against B subtilis.

• Antimicrobial: Chemical analysis of the leaf of Tithonia yielded sesquiterpene lactones, e.g. Tagitinin, which possess insecticidal properties. Study showed it possessed antimicrobial activity, active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with activity against S aureus, E coli and P aeruginosa, suggesting they can be used in treating gastrointestinal infections, skin diseases and urinary tract infections in man.

• Anti-Diabetic: Study on an 80 per cent ethanol extract of TD showed reduction of blood glucose in KK-ay mice 3 weeks after a single oral dose, also significantly lowering plasma insulin, decreasing blood glucose in an insulin tolerance test. Results suggest it may be useful for the treatment of type2 diabetes.

• Potential Cancer Chemopreventive: Study isolated three new sesquiterpenoids – 2a-hydroxytirotundin, tithofolinolide, and 3a-acetoxy-8b-isobutyryloxyreynosin along with 8 known sesquiterpene lactones. Among the isolates, 2 compounds showed significant antiproliferative activity, 3 compounds induced HL-60 cellular differentiation, one significantly inhibited lesion formation in the mouse mammary organ culture assay.

• Antimicrobial/Germacranolide-type Sesquiterpene Lactone: Results indicate the non-polar leaf extract of T diversifolia could be useful in the treatment of some disease conditions and the sesquiterpene lactone is a potential candidate as a phytotherapeutic agent against some bacterial infections.

• Anti-Inflammatory/Hepatoprotective: Results indicate that treatment with a water extract of the aerial part of T diversifolia decreased paw edema induced by carrageenan, with reduction of the elevated liver enzymes, and improvement in the pathologic hepatic changes caused by carbon tetrachloride.

Tithonia diversifolia is 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) in height with upright and sometimes ligneous stalks in the form of woody shrubs. The large, showy flowers are yellow to orange coloured and 5 – 15 cm wide and 10 – 30 cm long. Leaves are sub-ovate, serrate, acute, 10 to 40 cm long, simply or mostly 3 – 7 lobed, somewhat glandular and slightly grayish beneath. The seeds are achenes, 4-angled, and 5mm long. The seeds are spread by wind.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2004

Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2008

 

Experts Call for Less Consumption of Carbohydrate

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Experts have called for global nutritional guidelines to be changed to recommend we eat more fat and less carbohydrates after analysing a large-scale study.

Swiss scientists looked at the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) research published in The Lancet in August.

It found that people who had a high-carbohydrate diet had a 28 percent higher risk of dying – and that eating more than the currently recommended amounts of fat was not linked to higher heart disease rates.

Experts Call for Less Consumption of Carbohydrates
Whole grains and fruits

 

The findings call into question the long-held wisdom that people should limit total fat intake to less than 30 per cent of daily energy, and saturated fat to less than 10 per cent.

In fact, they support reducing carbs in favour of fats of all kinds, even saturated fats. They suggested that an intake of about 35 per cent of energy in fats.

The researchers argued cutting back on fats is no good for your health if you replace it with high levels of carbohydrates – an excess of which has been linked to diabetes.

Researchers argue cutting back on fats is no good for your health if you replace it with high levels of carbohydrates.

Saturated fat – found in butter, cheese, red meat and other animal-based foods – has for a long time been linked it to an increased risk of heart disease. But there are those that claim that fatty foods have been wrongly ‘demonised’.

Now experts from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, in a paper published the journal Cell Metabolism, wrote: ‘Taking the body of evidence into account, we believe that current nutritional recommendations in regards to macronutrients, but most importantly in regards to refined carbs and sugar, should indeed be fundamentally reconsidered.’

They also suggest that drugs that mimic low carb nutrition – that is without the need for an actual reduction of carbohydrate intake – may offer a ‘promising approach’ to fighting obesity.

What did PURE study find?

Previous studies on animals found that reducing overall calorie intake extends the lives of rodents and monkeys.

Since the 1970s, findings such as these has brought a focus on reducing fats — especially saturated fats — to improve health and longevity. But the PURE research questioned this approach.

Over the course of about seven years, diets with roughly 35 percent of calories from fats were tied to a lower mortality rate than diets with about 60 percent of calories from carbohydrates.

The researchers found that people consuming the most carbs (over 70 per cent of total calories) died sooner than those compared to those with the lowest levels.

The PURE authors claim moderate intakes of carbohydrates (around 50-55% of total energy) are likely to be more appropriate than either very high or very low carbohydrate intakes.

They also recommend around three to four servings of fruit or vegetables per day.

‘What we are suggesting is moderation as opposed to very low and very high intakes of fats and carbohydrates,’ said Mahshid Dehghan from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Other evidence for lower carbs

The Swiss researchers point out that several animal studies have shown how high levels of carbohydrates could be harmful.

Glucose is a type of sugar you get from foods you eat, and your body uses it for energy. Insulin is a hormone that moves glucose from your blood into the cells for energy and storage.

In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes insensitive to insulin and it cannot regulate the amount of glucose in the blood. This can lead to a life-threatening complication.

The theory goes that dietary carbohydrates increase mortality, so reducing intake, or inhibiting their uptake and metabolism in the body, should boost health and longevity.

The Swiss researchers note that this has been seen in some animal studies – because of the breakdown of glucose or glucose absorption from the gut.

Drugs which speed up glucose excretion in the urine or reduce the liver’s glucose production may be beneficial, but further studies are needed to confirm this, they said.

 

Daily Mailonline

 

Amazing Health Benefits of Carrot Juice

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Juicing has become increasingly popular in recent years and is now a multi-million dollar industry. Fresh fruit and vegetable juices can be purchased at most grocers, farmers’ markets, and shops dedicated to fresh juice. They can also be made at home with juicing equipment.

Carrots are a common ingredient in many juices, as they provide a flavour that pairs well with many other fruits and vegetables.

Aside from taste, carrot juice may also provide numerous health benefits. Read on to learn more about the potential health benefits and possible risks of drinking carrot juice.

Carrot Fruit and juice
Amazing Health Benefits of Carrot Juice

Nutritional information

Carrot juice is nutritionally dense and a more healthful alternative to many fruit juices. According to the United States Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database, 1 cup of canned carrot juice contains:

94 kilocalories (kcal); 2.24 grams (g) of protein;  0.35 g of fat; 21.90 g of carbohydrate;  1.90 g of fibre.

The same amount of juice provides a variety of vitamins and minerals, including:

689 milligrams (mg) of potassium; 20.1 mg of vitamin C;  0.217 mg of thiamine;  0.512 mg of vitamin B-6; 2,256 micrograms (mcg) of vitamin A; 36.6 mcg of vitamin K.

Health benefits of carrot juice

Carrot juice is nutritious and may be beneficial for a range of health conditions:

Stomach cancer

Carrots contain antioxidants, which may explain their role in cancer prevention. In a review of studies, researchers looked at the effect of eating carrots on the risk for stomach cancer.

They concluded that eating carrots was associated with a 26 percent lower risk for stomach cancer. However, they did not specify how many had to be eaten to lower stomach cancer risk. More controlled studies are needed to confirm this association.

Leukemia

More research is needed, but carrot juice may have a future role in leukemia treatment.In one study, researchers looked at the effect of carrot juice extracts on leukemia cells. The carrot juice extracts caused the leukemia cells to self-destruct and stopped their cell cycle.

Breast cancer

The high levels of carotenoids in carrot juice may help to lower the risk of breast cancer returning.

A study of breast cancer survivors looked at the effect of carrot on levels of carotenoids, markers of oxidative stress, and markers of inflammation in the blood.

The researchers reported that higher levels of carotenoids in the blood were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer returning.

During the study, participants consumed 8 ounces of carrot daily for 3 weeks. At the end of the study, the women had higher blood levels of carotenoids and lower levels of a marker associated with oxidative stress.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Carrot juice is high in vitamin C. Researchers looked at the association between dietary vitamin C intake and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Korean adults aged 40 years or older.

They found that people with COPD had significantly lower intakes of multiple nutrients found in carrot juice, including carotene, potassium, vitamin A, and vitamin C, than people without COPD.

However, people with COPD also ate significantly less food overall than people without COPD.

For people who smoked heavily, the risk of COPD is lower in those who consumed more vitamin C than those who consumed very little.

Juicing tips and recipes

Carrot juice contains less fibre and more sugar than raw carrots.

According to Stanford Health Care, the vitamin and mineral nutrients in 1 cup of carrot juice are almost equivalent to the amounts in 5 cups of chopped carrots.

While fresh fruit and vegetable juices do provide plenty of nutrients, they do not contain as much fibre as fresh fruits and vegetables. Also, they contain more sugar per cup than whole fruits and vegetables.

For example, 1 cup of carrot juice contains 2 g of fibre and 9 g of sugar, while 1 cup of cubed, raw carrots contains 3.5 g of fibre and 6 g of sugar.

Making fresh carrot at home requires a juice extractor.  Carrots can be combined with other fruits and vegetables to make tasty juices.

Medical News Today

Six Ways to Reduce Your Cancer Risk! Study Finds

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The ‘C-word’, usually refers to cancer is very scary, but the scenario could be more scary if you or any of your loved one is being diagnosed with the disease.

But, the fact is that most cancers are preventable through lifestyle changes, early detection and treatment.

These include- a healthy diet, exercise, good sleep, avoiding tobacco products, etc. Remember, the lifestyle choices that you make everyday, no matter how small they are, can create a big difference in your life.

Six Ways to Reduce Your Cancer Risk! Study finds
Six Ways to Reduce Your Cancer Risk! Study finds

However, delaying the treatment can worsen the condition thereby resulting in deaths.

To raise awareness of cancer and to encourage its prevention, detection and treatment, World Cancer Day is celebrated on February 4 every year.

The theme for this year is – “Not Beyond Us”, that highlights the fact that there are many practical things that can be done as individuals and as communities to reduce the burden of cancer.

Below are a few tips to steer clear of this disease:

Eat a healthy diet: The food you eat plays a vital role in your well-being. A person’s cancer risk can be reduced by eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes. Limit your fat intake, especially those from animal sources. Non-vegetarians should limit their consumption of red meats. Also, intake of salty foods and food processed with salt should be taken in moderation.

Avoid tobacco: Tobacco in any form is injurious to health. Any amount of tobacco and its products that you take increases the risk of developing cancer. While smoking has been linked to cancer of the lungs, bladder, cervix and kidneys; chewing tobacco causes oral and pancreatic cancer.

Limit alcohol: If you drink, set moderate drinking limits. Studies suggest two drinks for men and one drink for women daily should be the limit.

Also, a recent study has claimed that drinking a small glass of wine a day may give you a better chance of avoiding heart failure than those who don’t drink at all.

Exercise: Being physically active for 30 minutes daily can decrease your cancer risk. Daily exercise will also help maintain an ideal weight which might lower your risk of developing certain types of cancer such as- breast, colon, lung, prostate and kidney cancer.

Sun protection: Always use a broad spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher whenever you step out in the sun. prolong exposure to sun can cause skin problem, which is one of the most common kinds of cancer. While sunscreen alone is not enough to prevent skin, it is also one of the most preventable cancers just by following a few tips like:

Avoiding mid-day sun, avoiding tanning beds, covering exposed ares with clothes, examining your skin every month.

Regular medical care: Getting regular medical care can reduce your risk of developing cancer. Research has shown that screening for cervical, colorectal and breast cancers can help treat them before turning cancerous.

Also, vaccines like human papillomavirus (HPV) and Hepatitis B can help reduce the risk.

 

zeenews.india.com

Homemade Natural Remedies for Your Toothache

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A toothache is a pain in and around the teeth and jaws, and it could be caused by tooth decay, an infection, loose or broken fillings, or receding gums .

If the pain lasts for more than 1 or 2 days, it is best to see a dentist immediately to have it treated.

Until then, the following simple remedies made from ingredients usually available at home may provide temporary relief from the discomfort.

  1. Cold compress or ice pack

A cold compress or an ice pack can help ease dental pain, especially if a toothache is due to injury or swollen gums.

A person can try holding the ice pack or a bag of frozen peas, for example, against the outside of the cheek above the painful tooth for a few minutes at a time.

The application of a cold treatment constricts the blood vessels, slowing the flow of blood to the affected area. This helps numb the pain and reduce swelling and inflammation.

  1. Saltwater mouthwash

Rinsing the mouth with warm salt water helps to loosen debris lodged in cavities or between teeth. It may also reduce swelling, boost healing, and relieve a sore throat.

A saltwater rinse can be made by dissolving 1 teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water and swish around in the mouth for about 30 seconds before spitting out. This process can be repeated as often as needed.

  1. Garlic

Garlic has been widely used for medicinal purposes throughout history. It contains a compound called allicin, which accounts for its powerful antibacterial properties.

Aloe vera and garlic

A fresh clove of garlic should first be crushed and then mixed with a little salt, and the mixture applied to the affected tooth.

  1. Peppermint tea

Peppermint tea may help to soothe toothache due to its numbing properties.

Like cloves, peppermint has numbing properties that can soothe a toothache. Menthol, which gives peppermint its minty flavor and smell, is also known to be antibacterial.

One teaspoon of dried peppermint leaves can be put in a cup of boiling water and steeped for 20 minutes. After allowing cooling, it can be swished around in the mouth then spat out or swallowed.

A slightly warm, wet tea bag can also be used and held against the tooth for several minutes until the pain lessens.

A few drops of peppermint oil on a cotton ball can also be placed against the affected tooth as a temporary remedy.

  1. Thyme

Thyme is known for its medicinal uses and is an effective remedy for chest infections, such as bronchitis or whooping cough. Thymol, the main component of the essential oil, has antiseptic and antifungal properties.

One drop of thyme essential oil can be added to a glass of water to make a mouthwash.

Another method is to sprinkle a few drops of thyme essential oil and water onto a cotton ball. After adding the water, press it against the painful tooth.

A dead tooth is one where there is no longer any blood flow. Learn more about how they occur and what can be done about them here.

  1. Aloe vera

Aloe vera gel, which can be found within the succulent plant’s leaves, has long been used to heal burns and minor cuts. Some people now use the gel to clean and soothe gums.

Studies have shown that aloe vera has natural antibacterial qualities and can destroy germs that cause tooth decay.

The gel should be applied to the painful area of the mouth and gently massaged.

Medical News Today

NAPPSA President, Executive Visit Pharmanews

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In the spirit of the season, the President of the Nigerian Association of Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Scientists in the Americas (NAPPSA) Dr Tony Ikeme, and Pharm. Emma Ezirim ( E-Dogg) of NAPPSA made a courtesy visit to the Pharmanews corporate head office, at Mende, Maryland, Lagos.

L-R: NAPPSA President, Dr Tony Ikeme; Pharmanews Publisher, Pharm. (Sir) Ifeanyi Atueyi and Pharm. Emma Ezirim ( E-Dogg) of NAPPSA during the visit.

The visit, made by the NAPPSA President and E-Dogg executive of NAPPSA, to the Pharmanews Publisher, saw them launched the new autobiography of Pharm. (Sir) Ifeanyi Atueyi, as a make up for their absence during the official unveiling of the book on 1 October, 2019.

The excited Atueyi expressed his warm appreciation to the team, for finding time out of their busy festive period schedule to visit him.

He assured them of the maximum cooperation of Pharmanews with NAPPSA, while wishing them a Merry Christmas and a prosperous 2020.

It will be recalled that Dr Tony Ikeme took over as the new NAPPSA president from Dr Leo Egbujiobi during the last NAPPSA conference in September 2019.

 

 

 

Why You Need an Avocado Everyday to Help Lower Cholesterol

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By now, we all know that a bit of healthy fat is good for us. But a lot might be even better—at least, in the case of avocado. Apparently, eating an entire creamy green fruit every day could significantly lower your cholesterol, say new avocado industry-funded findings published in the Journal of the American Heart Association.

Researchers put 45 healthy, overweight adults on an average American diet (read: heavy on the saturated fat and carbs) for two weeks. Then, they switched them to a low fat (24% fat) or one of two moderate fat diets (34% fat) for five weeks. One of the moderate fat diets contained healthy fats like sunflower and canola oil; the other got the majority of its fat from one whole avocado per day.

Each of the new diets improved participants’ LDL cholesterol (the bad kind), likely because all three were significantly lower in saturated fat than the average American diet. But the avocado eaters fared the best: Their LDL cholesterol dropped 13 points, compared to around 8 points for people on the low-fat or avocado-free moderate-fat diets.

Why You Need an Avocado Everyday to Help Lower Cholesterol
Fresh avocado neatly arranged for consumption

Why? All sources of monounsaturated fat—including avocado—contain fatty acids that can help lower cholesterol and boost heart health. But according to the researchers, the guacamole staple seems to have additional cholesterol-lowering properties, like fiber and plant sterols, plus a type of sugar that might increase satiety.

Even so, a medium of the packs around 320 calories and 30 g of fat—and eating a whole one every single day doesn’t exactly seem realistic. Replacing some less-nutritious foods with half an avocado per day is more doable—and still beneficial. “Eating that amount has still been shown to reduce total cholesterol and LDL levels,” says registered dietician Tina Ruggiero. Think mashed avocado instead of mayo in your sandwich, diced avocado instead of sour cream or cheese on your black bean soup, or half an avocado with lime juice and sea salt instead of a granola bar for an afternoon snack. Sounds pretty darn delicious to us.

prevention.com

Laughter: the Best Medicine for Cancer Patients-Study Affirms

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Laughter really is the best medicine for cancer patients, new research suggests.  Referring to their condition as ‘Mr C’, their colostomy bag as ‘baggy’ and even oncologists as ‘the Wizard of Onc’ helps patients get a handle on their illness and bond with other sufferers, a study analysing 1.5 million online forum posts found.

Many also use metaphors as coping mechanisms, such as referring to their tumour as a ‘beast’, their treatment as a ‘marathon’ and their experience as ‘hell’, the research adds.

Study author Dr Zsófia Demjén from Lancaster University, said: ‘Making fun of cancer helps some people on the online forum cope with serious, threatening and unpredictable circumstances, and to bond with one another.’

Kids laughing

The researchers believe their findings may help people use metaphors sensitively when interacting with cancer patients.

THE COMMON METAPHORS USED BY CANCER PATIENTS

The study found the most common metaphors used by cancer patients are:

Animals: referring to cancer as a ‘beast’ or themselves as a ‘chicken’

Sport: describing treatment as a ‘marathon’ or ‘sprint’

Religion: saying their situation is ‘hell’ or they are ‘in limbo’ while awaiting results

Restraint: feeling ‘trapped’ as a result of their treatment

Openness: such metaphors are used to describe patients’ ability to talk honestly about their emotions

Obstacles: referring to ‘hurdles’

Wholeness: particularly ‘lack of wholeness’ metaphors refer to the consequences of cancer

Machines: describing being on a ‘roller coaster’ or ‘treadmill’

Violence: such metaphors can be beneficial or harmful depending on when they are used, according to the researchers

How the research was carried out

The researchers analysed online forums written by cancer patients. Posts written by people diagnosed with late-stage cancer, unpaid carers who are related to sufferers of the disease and healthcare professionals were examined.

The researchers also interviewed the aforementioned three groups of people.

‘Making fun of cancer helps people cope’

Results reveal certain cancer patients regularly joke about their illness.

Lead author Professor Elena Semino said: ‘For example, the cancer is referred to as “Mr C”, a colostomy bag as “Baggy” and an oncologist as “the Wizard of Onc”.

 

Daily Mailonline

 

How to Make 2020 a Better, Healthier Year

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What can you do to achieve happiness in the New Year? Here are five tips recommended by experts from Medical News Today for a healthier, more fulfilling life in 2020.

If there is anything that everyone undoubtedly wants in their life, it is that often elusive feeling of happiness. Famously, a high-profile engineer called Mo Gawdat has even come up with a kind of algorithm for happiness in his book Solve for Happy.

“Happiness is equal to or greater than the difference between the way you view the events in your life minus your expectations about how life should behave. Which means that if you perceive the events as equal to  or greater than your expectations, you’re happy — or at least not unhappy,” writes Gawdat.

He spends more than 300 pages aiming to explain the basis for this algorithm and his philosophy of happiness. But there is, of course, no miracle recipe that all of us can follow to feel that glow of joy 24/7.

Here are some steps that you can take starting right now to boost your quality of life. The rest is up to you, so mind that you keep your New Year’s resolutions!

  1. Be more active

This year, many studies have focused on the role of physical exercise not only in keeping us fit, but also in improving other aspects of our physical and mental health.

A study conducted earlier this year by researchers at the University of British Columbia in Okanagan, Canada, found that women’s perception of their own bodies improves after they exercise. The effect appears to be immediate and doesn’t depend on mood or actual state of fitness after exercising.

 

A Lady advancing in the new year

Furthermore, numerous recent studies have shown that exercise can counteract and prevent depression, which affects 40 million adults in the United States every year.

As little as 1 hour of exercise each week, regardless of intensity, can keep mood disorders at bay, found researchers from Australia’s Black Dog Institute.

And, if you’re struggling to keep up the motivation to go out for a jog or ride your bike, then there’s a simple fix: just focus on doing the kind of exercise that makes you happy.

Why not try yoga and meditation?

Speaking of mindfulness, practices such as yoga and meditation have been found to boost quality of life and increase our sense of well-being.

Why not give yoga a try in 2020? It’s been suggested to improve resilience and boost happiness.

Various recent studies have suggested that yoga is effective in tackling depression, and that it helps to lower anxiety and stress levels. These effects, the researchers found, can last for up to 4 months after participation in a yoga program.

According to a study from the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, both yoga and meditation can improve psychological and physiological resistance to stress factors.

This, the authors note, may mean not only that the mental health of people who practice yoga and meditation is not easily affected by negative events, but also that their immune system is better prepared to handle emergencies.

Another study reports that yoga and meditation may even play a role in how our brain contributes to the process of gene expression.

“These activities are leaving what we call a molecular signature in our cells, which reverses the effect that stress or anxiety would have on the body by changing how our genes are expressed,” asserts lead researcher Ivana Buric.

  1. Get enough sleep

Much research published in 2017 has focused on the prominent role played by a good night’s sleep in our mental and physical health. Sleep, we now know, is important in memory consolidation, fear learning, and keeping our brain well-rested so that we can react appropriately to events during the day.

Don’t underestimate the impact that sleep can have on your well-being.

Since people affected by insomnia are twice as likely as their peers to develop depression, it comes as no surprise that a good night’s sleep should be a priority in our search for happiness and wellness.

Ensuring that we are well rested can make our level of contentment peak, says a study that was conducted by the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom. The authors of the paper compare this happiness boost with winning the lottery.

They say, “[The benefits of a good night’s sleep] are […] comparable with the average improvement in well-being (1.4-point reduction) shown by [lottery winners in the U.K.] 2 years after a medium-sized (£1000–£120000 in 1998 money) lottery win.”

A study from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, IL, suggests that people who have a clear life purpose do actually sleep better at night.

So, as you draft your New Year’s resolutions, why not take a step back and consider what your main goals in life are, and how you can achieve them?

  1. Settle for a happy diet

This may come as no surprise, but what you eat does influence your mood. Research published in PLOS Online earlier this year argued that eating a fruit- and veggie-happy diet may improve mental health within 2 weeks.

The study authors found that adding more servings of fruits and vegetables to our usual intake could make us feel more motivated and boost our energy levels.

A systematic review of multiple studies that investigated the link between diet and mental health concluded that a Mediterranean-style diet consisting mainly of fruit, vegetables, fish, and whole grains could prevent depression.

However, a study published only this month argues that what we should eat to make us happy will largely depend on how old we are.

Thus, young adults (aged 18 to 29) will benefit from eating more white and red meat, while adults aged 30 and over should eat more fruit and veg if they’re looking for a mood boost.

Also, there’s no need to cut down on hot chocolate after the holiday season; researchers confirmed that cocoa can work miracles for your psychological well-being, mood, and potentially even cognitive abilities, too.

  1. Make friends with the great outdoors

Research also suggests that, if we want to get that joie de vivre into our lives in 2018, then we had better spend more time outside. Going to the local shopping mall won’t cut it, however. In order to really feel happier, we should spend more time in nature.

One study shows that green spaces make us happy, and, conversely, when we don’t have access to nature, we tend to become depressed.

“Higher levels of green space [in a neighborhood] were associated with lower symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress [in the members of the local community].”    Dr. Kristen Malecki, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Moreover, a recent experiment conducted by researchers from the University of British Columbia showed that people who took a minute to observe small details in nature and register the emotional impact caused by these felt happier and more connected to their peers.

So, one easy step that you can take to improve your life in 2018 is simply a step outside — and then keep on walking. After all, a leisurely walk on its own has been found to have a positive effect on mood.

Get your creativity on!

Walking has also been shown to encourage creativity, and one study found that people who engage in creative pursuits every day have a greater sense of well-being.

Doing something creative every day can really make you happier, research shows.

Another way of boosting happiness in 2020, then, is to take a walk in your local park and plan a creative activity for that day.

This can be anything from cooking and baking, if you’re that way inclined, to painting, writing, or starting a DIY project. The choice is up to you!

If you’re stuck at home on your own, use that time to do something creative, too. A recent study has shown that sometimes we may need some “time out,” away from our peers, in order to really be able to tap into our creative resources.

You can also put on some happy music if you need that extra boost to your imagination. Researchers from Radboud University in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, have shown that alert instrumental pieces such as The Four Seasons concerto by Antonio Vivaldi work best for this purpose.

  1. Be kind to others and to yourself

Finally, but very importantly, in order to achieve a stronger sense of fulfilment and well-being, you should learn to treat yourself with kindness — and then extend that generosity to others.

Researchers from the University of Hertfordshire in the U.K. found that, although self-acceptance is a habit that can lead to greater happiness, it is one that very few people have formed.

A study conducted earlier this year also confirmed that, if we embrace our negative emotions, we are less at risk of perpetuating them and more likely to achieve self-healing. One of our goals in the New Year should definitely be practicing more self-love and self-care.

At the same time, the care that we show to others, as well as our degree of gratefulness toward our peers, can influence our levels of happiness.

Profs. Phillipe Tobler and Ernst Fehr, from the University of Zurich in Switzerland, showed that generosity is strongly associated with happiness, and we feel more joy when we give.

MedicalNewsToday

Revealed: The 11 Foods, Backed by Science, To Help You Sleep Better

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A staggering 38 per cent of Britons are not getting enough sleep with women aged 35-44 affected the worst, research revealed last week.

The survey, conducted by Aviva, looked at the sleeping habits of 14 countries and found Brits were the worst sleepers.

But, it’s not all bad news. If you suffer from insomnia, nutritional therapist Rick Hay brings you the best foods to help you sleep.

People have been using food and herbs traditionally for centuries to help them nod off, from cups of hot milk to chamomile tea.

Now, we’re starting to understand the reasons behind some of the foods that help calm the body and promote a restful night’s sleep.

Here, in a piece for Healthista, the lecturer in weight management at the College of Naturopathic Medicine in London, explains what you should eat.

GREEN, BLACK AND WHITE TEA

L-theanine, dubbed ‘the relaxation amino acid’, is found in green tea, black tea, white and matcha green teas

L-theanine, dubbed ‘the relaxation amino acid’, is found in green tea, black tea, white and matcha green teas

Certain amino acids found in foods can help with sleep by nourishing the nervous system.

One of those being closely studied right now is L-theanine, dubbed ‘the relaxation amino acid’ and found in green tea, black tea, white and matcha green teas.

L-theanine is an amino acid found to enhance sleep and also help reduce anxiety in a growing number of scientific papers.

A 2008 study in Asia Pacific Journal of Nutrition examined the brain activity of healthy adults after they consumed L-theanine and found it increased alpha brainwave activity.

Alpha waves are brainwaves that promote relaxation. 400mg of L-theanine taken as a supplement has also been found to help sleep quality in young boys with ADHD.

In a randomised, placebo-controlled study published in Alternative Medicine Review in December 2011, 98 boys aged 8-12 were given 400mg of L-theanine daily for six weeks.

Their ADHD-related disturbances in sleep appeared to be reduced.

What’s more, a significant improvement in sleep efficiency (that means more time asleep relative to awake) and movement during sleep was also observed in the boys during the study.

CHAMOMILE

The health benefits of humble chamomile tea have been shown to be wide-ranging, from anti-inflammatory properties to wound healing, anti-diabetes and even benefits to the common cold and cardiovascular health.

Chamomile tea and flower

It’s best known for its effect on sleep and that’s not without some great evidence, thanks to a flavonoid it contains called apigenin and that has anti-anxiety properties.

It binds to receptors in the brain that increase levels of GABA, a neurotransmitter that can have a calming and sedative effect.’

In a fascinating though small study, ten cardiac patients fell into a deep sleep for 90 minutes after drinking chamomile tea and it has been shown in another study on sleep disturbed rats to have hypnotic effects.

What’s also interesting to note is that the inhalation of chamomile as an essential oil could also help calm you down before bed.

In one study, inhaling chamomile powder decreased blood levels of ACTH in overactive rats. ACTH is a substance that stimulates levels of the stress hormone cortisol. So it’s not just your granny’s old wive’s tale after all.

CINNAMON

Cinnamon

 

Cinnamon nourishes the nervous system by calming the blood sugar levels.

Indeed, repeated research has shown it can even help lower the blood sugar levels of type 2 diabetics.

This is important from an insomnia perspective because often if you find yourself waking up in the small hours, it could be down to blood sugar spikes that subsequently wake you up as your blood sugar drops.

A small bowl of porridge with cinnamon before bed or even a little cinnamon in some chamomile tea could make early morning waking easier.

 

GINGER

Ginger

Ginger calms the stomach, via a chemical ingredient called gingerol which helps with stomach contractions.

It also relaxes the system generally and is also a good circulatory tonic.

One randomised controlled study published in the journal Complementary Therapies in Medicine looked at the effects of taking a supplement containing ginger and showed that it reduced the time it took for insomniacs to fall asleep.

Ginger is a great overall tonic for the nervous system too.

A 2010 study published in the journal Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry found that ginger might bind to the brain’s serotonin receptor which could have a calming effect on anxiety.

Serotonin is the brain’s feel good neurotransmitter.

LIQUORICE

Liquorice is known by people that study botanical medicine as an adrenal gland tonic – which are responsible for the release of stress hormones.

Liquorice is known by people that study botanical medicine as an adrenal gland tonic – which are responsible for the release of stress hormones.

Liquorice has long been used by naturopaths as a herbal medicine for depression and anxiety.

Liquorice is known by people that study botanical medicine as an adrenal gland tonic.

Your adrenal glands are responsible for the release of stress hormones and a busy high-pressure lifestyle can quickly leave them depleted, causing anxiety and depression.

Adrenal tonic herbs or plants help to nourish the adrenals and calm a frazzled system.

Be careful that you don’t take too much liquourice though as it can promote energy production as well.

But research conducted on mice in 2012 published in the journal Bioorganic Medicine and Chemistry found that the active ingredient in liquorice called gabrol, a flavonoid, could help bind to GABA receptors in the brain which stimulate relaxing alpha waves and led to the mice in the study getting deeper and longer sleep.

PASSIONFRUIT

Another favourite is passion flower or passionfruit, this has had a lot of traditional use over time for calming the nervous system.

Passionfruit and passionflower contain a compound called harman that has a hypnotic and sedative effect which has been shown to help insomnia and anxiety.

It’s also been shown to help decrease anxiety and the quality and depth of sleep.

 

LUCUMA

This South American sub-tropical fruit is literally jam-packed with nutrients.

Good news is, the powdered form tastes quite sweet, a little like maple, so can be used as a natural sweetener.

Even better, it balances blood sugar instead of spiking it – as sugar does – because it has a low Glycaemic Index (GI).

Having a low GI means it could help balance blood sugar before bed.

This is important because if you eat foods with a high GI before bed – this includes white pasta, rice and bread – you could, end up with spiking sugar levels in the middle of the night, which can lead to waking up with a start and not being able to get back to sleep.

Interestingly, a 2014 study published in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology found that lucuma oil applied topically could potentially help with wound healing. sleep

BAOBAB SLEEP

Baobab is a rich source of vitamin C, potassium and B complex vitamins, Mr Hay claims

Baobab is a rich source of vitamin C, potassium and B complex vitamins, Mr Hay claims

Like citrus, baobab is a rich source of vitamin C, potassium and B complex vitamins.

Because B vitamins are so important for the healthy functioning of the nervous system, a lack of them can cause problems including insomnia as well as depression.

Potassium is helpful to help you stay asleep, research suggests.

One study, published in the journal Cell in 2015 found that potassium could help regulate the body’s sleep/wake cycle, also known as circadian rhythm, which ensures we fall asleep and wake up when we when we need to.

LEMON, LIME AND BLOOD ORANGE

Lemon, lime and blood orange are rich in vitamin C.

This isn’t just just an immune booster but also nourishes the adrenal glands.

When you nourish your adrenal glands the system calms down which can help with the anxiety and stress that can cause insomnia.

Studies have also shown that a lack of vitamin C could contribute to sleep loss.

This article originally appeared on and has been reproduced with the permission of Healthista.

 

Amazing Things You Never Knew of Toothpaste

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We know there are some magical items in our kitchen and stores that do so many things other than what they are meant for, even though we don’t utilise them.

Toothpaste is one of those wonderful items. Apart from the tooth care, its also comes in handy for the most amazing of things. From removing gum from your hair to cleaning cracked CDS, toothpastes have suddenly become very useful than you could ever imagined. Checkout the lists of amazing things toothpaste can do.

Hand Freshener: Soap doesn’t work that well when you have to remove the heavy smell of fish, onions, or other stinky foods from your skin. Toothpaste works better for removing odors and can be used just like soap. Apply a dab to your hands and rub it like you would soap. Apply lotion or moisturizer afterwards.

Toothpaste containers on white isolated background.

Pimples: Reduce redness and the size of your pimples with a dab of paste. Let it sit overnight, then rinse away in the morning for a noticeable difference.

Revive Headlamps: The cover on headlights gets dirty and scratched over time, reducing the brightness of the lights. Clean the cover with soap and water first, then buff it with paste and a polishing pad or cloth.

Brittle fingernails: Since our nails are made of the same enamel as teeth, paste can do a lot to help them. Simply give your nails a good scrub with some toothpaste for cleaner, shinier, stronger nails. You’ll also get that dirt out from underneath them in no time!

Fly-away hair: A Gel toothpaste is largely made with the same ingredients as basic hair gels, so you’ll be able to substitute easily here. Just use a little dab and apply like a hair gel when needed. First Aid: Beyond beauty care, you’ll also find helpful ways to use toothpaste in that first aid kit. Keep a small tube tucked inside your kit for these emergencies:

Bites, sores, and blisters: Apply toothpaste to areas of skin irritation to reduce itching, swelling, and irritation. Toothpaste will dry them up quickly and help them heal faster.

Burns: For minor burns with no open sores, a quick toothpaste application can give you instant relief. The cooling properties get to work right away, relieving that painful sting. In the long-term, toothpaste will keep the burn from becoming a painful, oozing blister.

Bruises: For large bruises that take forever to fade, use a little paste and a wide-tooth comb. Apply the toothpaste and gently comb the bruise in one direction to break up the blood clotting beneath the skin. Paste helps with circulation and fights off the inflammation. Fashion: Our clothing and accessories can also benefit from many of the ingredients found in the average tube of paste. Give these a try:

Jewelry cleaner: Before you pay for someone else to clean it, rub paste onto your silver jewelry and leave it overnight, the wipe it clean with a soft cloth. Give a light scrubbing to your diamonds to see them sparkle again, just be sure to rinse thoroughly. Avoid using toothpaste on pearls.

Shoe care: Scuffed or dirty shoes can look new again with a little paste. Apply it directly to the dull, dirty, or scuffed parts of the shoe, scrub with a brush, and wipe them clean.

Clothing stains: Tough stains will disappear with a little paste and some brisk scrubbing. Squeeze it right on the stain and rub until it disappears, then wash as normal. If using whitening toothpaste, be advised that this can have a bleaching effect on some colors and fabrics. Household: Toothpaste can save you money around the house by helping with some very basic tasks.

Computer cleaner: Scrub away fingerprints from your keyboard with a white, baking soda-based toothpaste. Follow up with a damp cloth and your keys are good as new!

Iron cleaner: Take away the “crusties” from the bottom of your clothes iron with a quick toothpaste rinse. Just be sure to remove all the toothpaste before you start ironing again.

Baby bottles: To freshen up baby bottles and remove that sour-milk smell, put some toothpaste on your bottle scrubber and give them a quick wash. Always rinse them very well afterwards.

Piano keys: Like computer keys, piano keys get grubby with repeated use from the dirt, oil, and grime on our fingertips. Use a damp cloth and some toothpaste to rub down the keys, then wipe them clean with a dry cloth.

Crayon stains: Undo your kids’ damage to the walls with a damp cloth and some toothpaste. Rub it in gentle circles and watch the crayon fade away.

Odor removal: After cooking with “stinky” foods in the kitchen (fish, garlic, onions, etc.), getting the smell out of the skin is a challenge. Wash your hands thoroughly with water and toothpaste for a quick and easy remedy….

Mobile Screen Fixer: Devices without a protective screen can become scratched over time. Toothpaste can clean screens on mobile devices such as cell phones and handheld gaming consoles. Lightly rub the screen with toothpaste on a cotton cloth. Then wipe the screen clean with a second cloth.

How to Achieve Sound Sleep in Pregnancy

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For different women, pregnancy comes with a lot of changes and development, which could be rightly addressed under proper guidance.

One of those developments that occur in pregnancy is change in sleeping pattern, as a result of hormonal changes and the foetal growth.

However, a study by the National Sleep Foundation found that more than half of pregnant women take at least one nap during the workweek, and 60 percent take at least one weekend nap.

Smoking in Pregnancy Could expose unborn Daughters to Infertility
Smoking in Pregnancy Could expose unborn Daughters to Infertility

In order to overcome these sleep disturbances, including nausea, heartburn, leg cramps, and snoring in pregnant women, the following tips are essential:

  • Sleep positions during pregnancy: Pillows can be used to support both the tummy and back. A pillow between the legs can help support the lower back and make sleeping on your side easier. Some specific types of pillows include the wedge-shaped pillow and the full-length body pillow. Also, many women find that sleeping on their side is the most conducive to sleep
  • Exercise: Regular exercise during pregnancy promotes physical and mental health. Exercise also can help you sleep more deeply. However, vigorous exercise within four hours of bedtime should be avoided.
  • Take naps

If you find it hard to get enough sleep at night, it’s OK to nap during the day! You need enough sleep during pregnancy more than ever, so don’t feel guilty about sleeping during the day time – even if it’s only a half-hour catnap, you will feel much better for it than if you deprive yourself of sleep.

  • Cut down on caffeine

Cut down on drinks and food that contains caffeine, such as coffee, tea, soda, and chocolate. Avoid      them entirely in the afternoon and evening.

  • Drink less in the late afternoon and evening

Drink more fluids early in the day and less in the evening. This helps reduce bathroom breaks in the middle of the night.

  • Avoid heavy meals and spicy foods before bedtime

Spicy foods such as chili and acidic foods such as tomatoes can cause heartburn and indigestion. So can eating a big meal too close to bedtime?

  • Don’t let your “worry list” worry you

Keeping paper and pen next to your bed may help relieve middle-of-the-night anxieties. When you    wake up thinking about all the things you need to do the next day, write them down.

If writing down your thoughts makes you worry even more, finish making your list of questions, concerns, and things to do at least an hour before bedtime. Then try to put it out of your mind until morning.

 

 

Why You Should Prefer Brown Rice to White Rice

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White rice is one of the most frequently eaten food products around the world, however, white rice is not nearly so nutritious as its less processed version, brown rice.

Most of us know that! That’s why majority of consumers typically choose white rice over brown rice because of the difference of appearance. While its true white rice looks so much more delicious than brown rice, it doesn’t mean it’s the healthier alternative. According to a study conducted by the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, brown rice is the top choice in terms of both nutritional and other inherent healthy benefits.

Image result for image of a brown rice

Before white went through the refining process, it at one time looked exactly like brown rice. Brown, unlike white rice, still has the side hull and bran. The side hulls and brans provide “natural wholeness” to the grain and are rich in proteins, thiamine, calcium, magnesium, fiber, and potassium.

Although white rice is fortified, it still doesn’t reach the minimum nutritional requirements for one serving of food as specified by the FDA.

13 Health Benefits

  1. It Lowers the Risk of Developing Diabetes

Harvard researchers have discovered that eating at least two servings of brown rice per week can lower the risk of developing diabetes. They found that by eating just 50 grams of brown rice a day, the risk of type 2 diabetes can be lowered by 16 percent, while other whole grains, such as barley and whole wheat, can lower the risk by 36 percent.

 

  1. Rich in Selenium

Brown is rich in selenium which reduces the risk for developing common illnesses such as cancer, heart disease and arthritis.

  1. High in Manganese

One cup of brown rice provides 80% of our daily manganese requirements. Manganese helps the body synthesize fats. Manganese also benefits our nervous and reproductive systems.

  1. Rich in Naturally-Occurring Oils

Naturally occurring oils are beneficial for the body as these healthful fats help normalize cholesterol levels.

  1. Its High in Fiber

Brown rice supplies 14 percent of the recommended daily value for fiber, an important nutrient that protects against colon cancer and breast cancer. Fiber tends to latch onto the chemicals that cause cancer and steer them away from the cells in the colon and breasts, preventing cancer from developing in those areas. Fiber also has many other health benefits including promoting cardiovascular health.

  1. Possible reduced Risk of Colon Cancer

It is thought that the high selenium levels, as well as certain phenols found in brown rice may be associated with reduced risk of colon cancer.   These phenols are present in much high concentrations in brown rice than in white, meaning this association may not be seen with high white consumption.   The high content of dietary fibre may also contribute to a healthy colon and digestive system.

  1. Promotes Weight Loss

The fiber content of brown keeps bowel function at it’s peak since it makes digestion that much easier. Brown is the perfect addition to the daily diet for those seeking bowel regularity. In addition, brown rice also makes the tummy feel full which translates to smaller meal portions.

  1. Perfect Baby Food

Brown rice cereal or brown rice itself is the perfect baby’s first food due to the dense natural nutrition and fiber it contains. This is a much better choice than refined white rice cereal products as rapidly growing babies and toddlers require nutrient rich diets to help maintain rapid growth cycles.

  1. It Can Lower Cholesterol

The oil in brown rice has been shown to lower levels of LDL cholesterol, also known as the bad cholesterol, by up to seven percent. At the same time, a diet high in whole grains can increase the level of HDL cholesterol, or the good cholesterol.

  1. It Reduces the Risk of Childhood Asthma

Asthma is a very common condition among children and causes many children to miss numerous days of school. But children who eat plenty of whole grains along with fish can lower their risk of developing asthma by 50 percent. Studies show that fruits, vegetables and even dairy don’t have much of an effect in reducing asthma, but whole grains and fish do.

  1. It Offers Many Cardiovascular Benefits

Studies have shown that brown rice can have many cardiovascular benefits for postmenopausal women, including slowing the progression of atherosclerosis, which is the build-up of plaque in the arteries, as well as slowing the progression of the narrowing of the arteries. But postmenopausal women aren’t the only ones who can benefit from the heart-healthy compounds in this whole grain. Brown rice also contains plant lignans, which can protect against heart disease and certain types of cancer.

  1. It Reduces the Risk of Developing Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a combination of factors that increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke. This condition is characterized by excess fat in the abdominal area and insulin resistance. Eating whole grains on a regular basis can reduce the risk of weight gain and insulin resistance by up to 38 percent.

  1. Candida Yeast Infections

Brown rice is the perfect adjunct for candida yeast infection treatmentsgiven that high glycemic and otherwise sugary/starchy foods are prohibited during most candida treatment protocols. The natural digestibility of brown coupled with the high fiber content can help sensitive digestive systems heal from an overgrowth of candida organisms.

The Unknown Benefits Of Tigernut

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They look ordinary and not particularly appealing. They are also sold mostly by mallams in wheel barrows in most cities in Nigeria; so the average educated Nigerian may never look their way. However, recent studies have shown that the seemingly ordinary tigernuts are a veritable source of the nutritional needs of most humans.

This is because tigernut (or aki awusa as it is known in Igboland, or ofio in Yorubaland), has been found to be one of nature’s super foods. It is a very rich source of dietary fibre; in fact, over 30% of it is made of fibre, which is more than that of oats, bran and most vegetables and fruits. Doctors and nutritionists advise that we all need dietary fibre to keep our digestive system in good working order; it can also be an aid to weight loss, as makes one feel fuller for longer.

Tigernut is equally believed to contain ingredients that can help prevent heart attack and improve blood circulation. Cardiologists recommend eating tigernuts because they have the similar lipid profile to Olive oil which is considered one of the healthiest oils.

Tigernuts also help to control blood pressure and are high in amino acids, especially arginine, which has been shown to be beneficial to those suffering from high blood pressure. Arginine has been clinically proven to reduce blood pressure.

The Unknown Benefits Of Tigernut
The Unknown Benefits Of Tigernut

Additionally, tigernuts have proven to be rich in magnesium, which is needed by the body to help with muscle and nerve function and for the proper functioning of the immune system. Magnesium also helps to regulate the heartbeat.

Prof. Ene-Obong, a nutritionist who has done some research on tigernuts, explained that they are able to control sugar levels because of their high fibre content. According to her, “If tigernuts are eaten for a long time, they have the ability to lower blood sugar.”

Tigernuts are also said to be a veritable source of protein, which is vital in building of skin, muscles, bones and repairing of cells in our bodies. Tigernuts provide one of the best non-meat form of protein and their milk contains no lactose. This makes it a great alternative for people who are lactose intolerant. Prof. Ene-Obong noted that a student of hers did research on this and found out that tigernut milk is quite rich and can be a substitute for cow milk.

Description 

Tigernut is a nut belonging to the crop of the sedge family which is spread all over the world. It is present mostly in the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Europe, Africa, Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. It has also become quite common in many other regions, including China, Hawaii, Ukraine, New Guinea, New South Wales, Java and various oceanic islands.

There is evidence that tigernut has been cultivated in Egypt since the sixth century and for several centuries in Southern Europe. This crop is cultivated due to its edible tubers known for the preparation of “horchata de chufa”, a sweet milk-like beverage. But it is considered as a weed in most countries

The tigernut plant is an annual plant which grows up to 90 cm tall, with solitary stems growing from tuber. The plant is reproduced by rhizomes, seeds and tubers. The stems are triangular in shape and have slender leaves, about three to 10 mm wide. The seeds of the plant are quite unique with a cluster of flat, oval seeds surrounded by four leaves at 90 degrees to each other. They are about five to 30 mm long and are linear to narrowly elliptical with eight to 35 florets. The colour ranges from straw-coloured to gold-brown. They can produce a total of 2420 seeds per plant. The plant foliage is quite tough and is often mistaken as a grass.

Good source of nutrition

Researchers have confirmed that tigernuts were a great source of nutrition for the Egyptian people. Indeed, it was the most ancient food found in Egypt after barley and emmer. Illustrations of Cyperus grass (nut grass) are found in many Egyptian tombs and it was discovered in the stomach of mummies, according to the book, Ancient Egyptians and their influence on the Civilization of Europe by G. Elliot-Smith.

It is also believed that tigernuts were a source of food for the Palaeo-Indians. The plant is also cultivated in Spain besides Egypt where it is used for many commercial purposes in mild climatic regions. The plant was first introduced by the Arabs in the Valencia region. They are found in California and were grown by the Paiute in Owens Valley. The plant is also cultivated in many other countries like Yemen, Morocco, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Mexico, Chile, USA, Niger, Nigeria, Gambia and Mali.

Health booster

Tigernuts are essential nuts and locally grown food source for fighting malnutrition in places like Africa. Different reports have suggested that they have a high amount of starch, a high fat content, rich in sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, iron, copper, manganese and zinc and also have a higher amount of vitamin C and E content.  Some B-complex vitamins are also present in tigernuts. They are quite good for diabetics and can be consumed roasted, dried or raw. Yogurt is now made of added tigernut milk for improving the nutritional content.

Tigernuts are also quite beneficial for the digestive system. They are used for dealing with stomach cramps, irritable bowels and other stomach issues. They have been used in traditional medicine for curing diarrhoea and flatulence. They are also quite helpful in treating dysentery and indigestion.

Tigernuts belong to a group of fat soluble compounds with unique antioxidant properties. Antioxidants protect the body from free radicals which are the molecules with unshared electron. The unshared electron interacts with oxygen to create reactive oxygen species which is damaging to the body. Vitamin E also protects the body by stopping the development of reactive oxygen species. Research has proven that vitamin E has colorectal cancer prevention properties.

Good vegan diet

Vegan diets are more efficient when the iron intake isn’t diminished. When you add tigernuts to your diet, then your overall health becomes better because this vegetable root has high iron content in it. Tigernuts contain more iron than cow milk and as much as liver or red meat. You can snack on tiger nuts or bake them with tigernut flour. You can add plenty of vitamins and minerals by eating tigernuts. It strengthens your whole body.

Purported aphrodisiac

There are some who say that tigernuts milk mixed with date palm and coconut milk is one of the “most powerful aphrodisiacs” in the world. There is also a claim that it boosts fertility and increases chances of multiple birth occurrences.  These claims have, however, not been scientifically proven.

Commercial benefits

The use of the tigernut is not limited to nutrition. Since recent studies have found that tiger nuts are brimming with vitamins and minerals, they can also be exported for commercial purposes.  Northern Nigeria grows and supplies this nut to other parts of the country.

Until recently, few people paid attention to tigernut; but as awareness of its nutritional benefits continue to grow, the mallams peddling the nuts are beginning to get more patronage and the nuts are becoming more expensive. One of the hawkers, when asked why the price had risen so much, said, “Before I buy bag for N7000, now I buy one bag N17,000.”

This means that anyone with business acumen can go into the business of selling tigernuts and even exporting to other African countries that do not have them. The foreign exchange earned from this can contribute to the dwindling economy.

Caution in consumption

Tigernuts, as already mentioned, are a good source of nutritional fibre. Fibre aids digestion. However, excessive intake can lead to stomach problems like bloating, diarrhoea and flatulence. This is why the Unites States’ National Institute of Health suggests that adults should eat between 20 and 35 grams of fibre per day.

Moreover, the high fat content in tigernuts means high calories. To this end, the Harvard Medical School has suggested that when you add tigernut to your diet, you should also look for other healthy nutritional sources for lowering calories to counter this effect. This snack could increase your weight if you don’t do this.

The University of Chicago also states that for children under two years, about 75 per cent of them develop nut allergies on their first exposure. A serious allergic reaction is known as anaphylaxis which can cause stomach collapse, low blood pressure and loss of consciousness.

Despite these few possible side effects,  Tigernuts have more positives than negatives .

Characteristics of epinephrine include all of the following EXCEPT:

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Characteristics of epinephrine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It is synthesized into the adrenal medulla

b) It is synthesized into the nerve ending

c) It is transported in the blood to target tissues

d) It directly interacts with and activates adrenoreceptors

Health Benefits of Drinking Milk

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Milk is an important part of our diet. We begin drinking it when we are young, but our intake decreases as we get older.

Some people shy away from it because they fear that it will add too much fat to their diet. Others leave it out because they believe that they no longer need it. You are never too old to reap the rewards of drinking milk. It is a great source of vitamins and nutrients, and it has several health benefits, such as

Calcium:

Milk is the best source of calcium that we can supply to our body. Calcium protects the body from major chronic ailments such as cancer, bone loss, arthritic conditions, migraine headaches, pre-menstrual syndrome, and obesity in children. It also functions as a healthy aid in losing unwanted fats and reducing weight. Calcium is an essential mineral in the creation of bone matter, and bone mineral density measurements rely highly on calcium as the main support structure of our body.

Health benefits of drinking milk
Health benefits of drinking milk

Heart Health:

Although most of the focus of calcium is on bones, it has also been shown to reduce cardiovascular disease and the chances of strokes. Two long-term studies in Japan have positively shown a correlation between daily calcium intake and a reduction in stroke, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, grab some milk for a healthier heart! Furthermore, the magnesium and potassium content in milk both act as vasodilators, which reduces blood pressure, increases blood flow to vital organs, and reduces the stress on the heart and cardiovascular system. The peptides found in milk are also believed to inhibit the creation of ACEs, (angiotensin-converting enzymes), which increase blood pressure.

Healthy Bones:

As mentioned above, milk is rich in calcium, which is essential for growth and the proper development of strong bone structure. Bone disorders such as osteoporosis can be prevented with a significant daily intake of it. Children deprived of cow’s milk have an increased chance of suffering from bone fractures when injured, and their healing time will be significantly higher if they don’t have a steady stream of calcium to aid in the regrowth of bone matter.

Healthy Teeth:

Encouraging children and youngsters to drink milk will give them excellent dental health, as milk protects the enamel surface against acidic substances. Drinking milk for energy and health would also lessen the frequency of children consuming soft drinks, thus reducing the risk of decaying teeth and weak gums.

Rehydration:

Fluids are an integral part of the human body, and the body needs to be frequently replenished with liquids as they are used up within the body. Water is essential for growing children and they must drink at least six to eight glasses of fluid every day.It contains a good quantity of water molecules and is considered the best fluid for rehydration, outside of drinking actual water. Water makes up more than 80% of our body mass, and the balance of fluids in our body is essential for every single process in our body. That is why dehydration is such a major and dangerous problem, as it threatens all of our metabolic functions. So, if you can’t find any water, grab a glass of milk!

 Skin Care:

Milk is also good for treating dry skin, so if you have dry skin, apply milk on your face and other affected areas, leave it on for about 15 minutes and then wash it off.The milk solids nourish and smooth your skin. The lactic acid present in milk is known to aid in removing dead skin cells, thereby rejuvenating your skin and keeping it fresh. Finally, simply drinking milk, due to its impressive content of vitamin A, helps to boost the health of the skin from inside the body, particularly since the antioxidant potential of milk helps to eliminate free radicals, the dangerous byproducts of cellular metabolism that are partially responsible for premature aging of the skin, resulting in wrinkles and age spots.

Improving Diet and Vitamin Intake:

According to medical research, drinking milk considerably improves our intake of vital minerals and vitamins. A person who consumes a carton of whole milk doubles his chances of fulfilling his calcium requirement for the day, whereas another person consuming a can of carbonated soda may actually lower his calcium levels by 1/3. Calcium, along with all of the other essential minerals listed above, are necessary for the daily diet in order to ensure proper functioning of every aspect of our body.

Acidity Reduction:

Consumption of milk products can also help in reducing acidity throughout the body. Drinking cold milk specifically provides relief from acidity.

Wholesome Food:

It contains many vitamins and minerals to keep you fit, healthy and strong. A full glass of milk contains vitamins A and B for good eyesight and increasing red blood cell count, carbohydrates for vitality and energy, potassium for proper nerve function, magnesium for muscular function, phosphorous for energy release, and proteins for body repair and growth. It also keeps your body functioning at a youthful level as you get older, more so than some other vitamins and minerals.

Cancer:

Intake of milk may also provide relief to those suffering from colon cancer. New study suggests that a diet rich in dairy products may slightly extend lives of people diagnosed with colon cancer.

Wishing You Season’s Greetings from All of Us at Pharmanews

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    Season’s Greetings from All of Us at PharmanewsSeason’s Greetings Banner

The management and staff of Pharmanews Limited wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to you all for your maximum support all year round. It is our joy that the Lord has preserved us through the thick and thin of 2019, while we are very hopeful of an amazing 2020.

We are most grateful to you all – readers, advertisers, subscribers, families and friends, for your patronage, as our success in business depends on your partnership with us.

With God on our side and your amazing support, we are assuring you of improved services next year. Wishing you a Merry Xmas and a prosperous New Year in advance.

 

 

 

 

Sympathetic Stimulation is Mediated by:

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Sympathetic stimulation is mediated by:

a) Release of norepinephrine from nerve terminals

b) Activation of adrenoreceptors on postsynaptic sites

c) Release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

d) All of the above