Which of the following drugs is a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant?
a) Pancuronium
b) Succinylcholine
c) Hexamethonium
d) Scopolamine
A team of researchers from the Hebrew University, and Shaare Zedek Medical Centre Jerusalem, has found evidence that suggests administering combinations of antibiotics to patients with bacterial infections might be promoting resistance transmission.
In their paper published in the journal Science, the group described their research on patients with bacterial infections and what they learned.
According to the journal, the report showed over the past years revealed that disease-promoting bacteria have evolved resistance to many antibiotic agents. Due to this, doctors have been giving patients multiple kinds of antibiotics with the hope that at least one of them will kill the bacteria. But now, it seems this practice might be making things worse in the long run. They found that it can lead to an increase in resistance to the drugs in combination therapies.

To investigate the issue, the researchers studied a patient with a blood infection of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The patient was given vancomycin; an antibiotic (trade name Vancocin) effective against some bacterial infections, and when that did not quash it, the doctors’ added rifampicin. After eight days, the doctors replaced vancomycin with daptomycin; a lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of systemic and life-threatening infections caused by gram-positive organisms.
As the patient was being treated, the researchers took blood samples to determine how well the treatment was working, but it also allowed the researchers to test the tolerance level of the microbes individually and directly against all of the drugs that were used to treat the patient.
They found that after giving the patient the combination of drugs, the bacteria were killed more slowly by daptomycin. They also noted that a reduction in killing speed indicates an evolutionary step toward resistance. The researchers also carried out additional tests with other kinds of infections, and report finding the same results.
They suggested that giving patients combinations of antibiotics is making bacteria develop resistance to the drugs that still work. They next plan to study the effect in patients infected with different types of bacteria.
The attention of the National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) has been drawn to a publication in the Punch Newspapers of 28th December 2019 titled “Port congestion worsens as NAFDAC conducts E-certification”.
The content of the publication especially with regard to the comments made by The National Secretary of the Association of Nigerian Licensed Customs Agents (ANLCA), Mr Babatunde Mukaila are completely untrue, baseless and a bid to mislead the general public on the clearance of products at the various seaports.

As part of ongoing modernization reforms by the Federal Government of Nigeria at the ports, NAFDAC has assiduously worked towards the automation and digitization of NAFDAC processes and licenses respectively. This has resulted in the development and deployment of NAFDAC e-licenses for utilization in the clearance of NAFDAC regulated products.
Prior to the deployment of the e-license on 9th September 2019, NAFDAC had held sensitization workshops for importers and Authorized Dealer Banks (ADBs) in 2018. This was to prepare importers of NAFDAC regulated products on the need to digitize any documents that were not in electronic formats while the processes for the issuance of new NAFDAC licenses was automated and processed on the Federal Government Single Window for Trade which is a one-stop portal for various Agencies operating at the Ports.
In the past, NAFDAC documents were physically scanned and attached to the Central Bank of Nigeria Form M platform. As a result of this, the ADBs and the Nigeria Customs Service (NCS) were not able to verify and authenticate submitted NAFDAC documents. This gave room for unscrupulous importers to forge and use expired NAFDAC licenses to process their Form Ms. With the commencement of the e-license era, NAFDAC integrated her licenses with the Form M platform such that importers are no longer required to scan and attach NAFDAC licenses but only input their Approval Reference Numbers which would be auto-verified by the Form M platform during processing. As a result, many importers who were used to utilizing unapproved licenses could not process their Form Ms.
It is also important to note, that it is against the Federal Ministry of Finance Import Guidelines, Procedures and Documentation requirements under the Destination Inspection Scheme to ship any consignment without opening Form M. Form M cannot be validly opened when you do not have a valid license from the Agency regulating the product. Those in this predicament have been violating this Import procedure for years and they are now caught up because of this integration. It is therefore, misleading, deceptive and baseless for any importer or agent alluding the congestion at the Ports to the e-certification processes of NAFDAC. Indeed, this is a means of perpetrating evil and attempt to continuing in dirty and unscrupulous procedures in clearance of regulated products. Their attempts can be considered as frustrating trade facilitation.
For clarity, the Import Guidelines states in A1 and A14 that
A1: ‘Any person intending to import physical goods into Nigeria shall in the first instance process e-Form M through any Authorized dealer bank irrespective of the value and whether or not payment is involved.’
A14: All imports into the country shall be accompanied by the following documents:
The unanswered question from the statements made by the ANLCA National Secretary is;
These are questions begging for answers.
It is worthy of note that any compliant importer of NAFDAC regulated products having approved NAFDAC e-licenses and has followed the approved Federal Ministry of Finance Import Guidelines, Procedures and Documentation requirements under the Destination Inspection Scheme will not complain about NAFDAC’s Introduction of e-licenses.
We appreciate Dr Osita Chukwu for speaking the truth with regard to this issue and clearly stating in the publication that ‘agents and importers failed to do what they are supposed to do…..and most of them would leave many things unattended to because they wanted to cut corners.’ Aside this, there are several factors that are beyond the purview of NAFDAC that has led to port congestion over the years. It is therefore unfair to lay the blame of port congestion at NAFDAC’s doorstep.
NAFDAC as a responsible regulatory Agency has determined to facilitate trade and comply with the Federal Government’s reform agenda for the various ports. Our current drive is to encourage compliance, be customer-focused and improve the ease of doing business while ensuring that safe and quality regulated products are available for Public Health use.
It is therefore important that all importers and the general public discountenance this obvious falsehood in the publication.
NAFDAC: Customer-focused, Agency-minded
A new study conducted by researchers from the University of Arizona, have found that running stimulates your memory and also helps to keep you alert.
The scientists who studied 11 male runners aged between 18 and 25 and another set of 11 young men who said that they had not exercised in the past year, discovered that increased connectivity between brain regions is known to improve memory, the ability to multi-task.

According to a report published on Daily Mail Online, the researchers noted that going for an early morning run could help to keep you alert for the rest of the day, while the brains of inactive men didn’t show quite the same levels of alertness.
While previous studies have confirmed that playing a musical instrument can stimulate the same region – the frontal cortex – this is the first time scientists have linked it to running, to keeping the brain active.
“Part of the brain responsible for decision-making and planning is activated during a jog, a study found. ‘To me, this suggests that running may not be such a simple activity after all,’ said Professor Gene Alexander, who co-led the study.
‘It requires complex navigational skills plus an ability to plan, monitor and respond to the environment, juggle memories of past runs, and also continue with all of the motor activities of running, which are very complicated.’
Exercise helps memory and thinking through both direct and indirect means. The benefits of exercise come directly from its ability to reduce insulin resistance, reduce inflammation, and stimulate the release of growth factors—chemicals in the brain that affect the health of brain cells, the growth of new blood vessels in the brain, and even the abundance and survival of new brain cells.
Indirectly, exercise improves mood and sleep, and reduces stress and anxiety. Problems in these areas frequently cause or contribute to cognitive impairment.
Experts have called for global nutritional guidelines to be changed to recommend we eat more fat and less carbohydrates after analysing a large-scale study.
Swiss scientists looked at the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) research published in The Lancet in August.
It found that people who had a high-carbohydrate diet had a 28 percent higher risk of dying – and that eating more than the currently recommended amounts of fat was not linked to higher heart disease rates.

The findings call into question the long-held wisdom that people should limit total fat intake to less than 30 per cent of daily energy, and saturated fat to less than 10 per cent.
In fact, they support reducing carbs in favour of fats of all kinds, even saturated fats. They suggested that an intake of about 35 per cent of energy in fats.
The researchers argued cutting back on fats is no good for your health if you replace it with high levels of carbohydrates – an excess of which has been linked to diabetes.
Researchers argue cutting back on fats is no good for your health if you replace it with high levels of carbohydrates.
Saturated fat – found in butter, cheese, red meat and other animal-based foods – has for a long time been linked it to an increased risk of heart disease. But there are those that claim that fatty foods have been wrongly ‘demonised’.
Now experts from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, in a paper published the journal Cell Metabolism, wrote: ‘Taking the body of evidence into account, we believe that current nutritional recommendations in regards to macronutrients, but most importantly in regards to refined carbs and sugar, should indeed be fundamentally reconsidered.’
They also suggest that drugs that mimic low carb nutrition – that is without the need for an actual reduction of carbohydrate intake – may offer a ‘promising approach’ to fighting obesity.
What did PURE study find?
Previous studies on animals found that reducing overall calorie intake extends the lives of rodents and monkeys.
Since the 1970s, findings such as these has brought a focus on reducing fats — especially saturated fats — to improve health and longevity. But the PURE research questioned this approach.
Over the course of about seven years, diets with roughly 35 percent of calories from fats were tied to a lower mortality rate than diets with about 60 percent of calories from carbohydrates.
The researchers found that people consuming the most carbs (over 70 per cent of total calories) died sooner than those compared to those with the lowest levels.
The PURE authors claim moderate intakes of carbohydrates (around 50-55% of total energy) are likely to be more appropriate than either very high or very low carbohydrate intakes.
They also recommend around three to four servings of fruit or vegetables per day.
‘What we are suggesting is moderation as opposed to very low and very high intakes of fats and carbohydrates,’ said Mahshid Dehghan from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Other evidence for lower carbs
The Swiss researchers point out that several animal studies have shown how high levels of carbohydrates could be harmful.
Glucose is a type of sugar you get from foods you eat, and your body uses it for energy. Insulin is a hormone that moves glucose from your blood into the cells for energy and storage.
In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes insensitive to insulin and it cannot regulate the amount of glucose in the blood. This can lead to a life-threatening complication.
The theory goes that dietary carbohydrates increase mortality, so reducing intake, or inhibiting their uptake and metabolism in the body, should boost health and longevity.
The Swiss researchers note that this has been seen in some animal studies – because of the breakdown of glucose or glucose absorption from the gut.
Drugs which speed up glucose excretion in the urine or reduce the liver’s glucose production may be beneficial, but further studies are needed to confirm this, they said.
Daily Mailonline
A toothache is a pain in and around the teeth and jaws, and it could be caused by tooth decay, an infection, loose or broken fillings, or receding gums .
If the pain lasts for more than 1 or 2 days, it is best to see a dentist immediately to have it treated.
Until then, the following simple remedies made from ingredients usually available at home may provide temporary relief from the discomfort.
A cold compress or an ice pack can help ease dental pain, especially if a toothache is due to injury or swollen gums.
A person can try holding the ice pack or a bag of frozen peas, for example, against the outside of the cheek above the painful tooth for a few minutes at a time.
The application of a cold treatment constricts the blood vessels, slowing the flow of blood to the affected area. This helps numb the pain and reduce swelling and inflammation.
Rinsing the mouth with warm salt water helps to loosen debris lodged in cavities or between teeth. It may also reduce swelling, boost healing, and relieve a sore throat.
A saltwater rinse can be made by dissolving 1 teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water and swish around in the mouth for about 30 seconds before spitting out. This process can be repeated as often as needed.
Garlic has been widely used for medicinal purposes throughout history. It contains a compound called allicin, which accounts for its powerful antibacterial properties.

A fresh clove of garlic should first be crushed and then mixed with a little salt, and the mixture applied to the affected tooth.
Peppermint tea may help to soothe toothache due to its numbing properties.
Like cloves, peppermint has numbing properties that can soothe a toothache. Menthol, which gives peppermint its minty flavor and smell, is also known to be antibacterial.
One teaspoon of dried peppermint leaves can be put in a cup of boiling water and steeped for 20 minutes. After allowing cooling, it can be swished around in the mouth then spat out or swallowed.
A slightly warm, wet tea bag can also be used and held against the tooth for several minutes until the pain lessens.
A few drops of peppermint oil on a cotton ball can also be placed against the affected tooth as a temporary remedy.
Thyme is known for its medicinal uses and is an effective remedy for chest infections, such as bronchitis or whooping cough. Thymol, the main component of the essential oil, has antiseptic and antifungal properties.
One drop of thyme essential oil can be added to a glass of water to make a mouthwash.
Another method is to sprinkle a few drops of thyme essential oil and water onto a cotton ball. After adding the water, press it against the painful tooth.
A dead tooth is one where there is no longer any blood flow. Learn more about how they occur and what can be done about them here.
Aloe vera gel, which can be found within the succulent plant’s leaves, has long been used to heal burns and minor cuts. Some people now use the gel to clean and soothe gums.
Studies have shown that aloe vera has natural antibacterial qualities and can destroy germs that cause tooth decay.
The gel should be applied to the painful area of the mouth and gently massaged.
Medical News Today
A staggering 38 per cent of Britons are not getting enough sleep with women aged 35-44 affected the worst, research revealed last week.
The survey, conducted by Aviva, looked at the sleeping habits of 14 countries and found Brits were the worst sleepers.
But, it’s not all bad news. If you suffer from insomnia, nutritional therapist Rick Hay brings you the best foods to help you sleep.
People have been using food and herbs traditionally for centuries to help them nod off, from cups of hot milk to chamomile tea.
Now, we’re starting to understand the reasons behind some of the foods that help calm the body and promote a restful night’s sleep.
Here, in a piece for Healthista, the lecturer in weight management at the College of Naturopathic Medicine in London, explains what you should eat.
GREEN, BLACK AND WHITE TEA
L-theanine, dubbed ‘the relaxation amino acid’, is found in green tea, black tea, white and matcha green teas
L-theanine, dubbed ‘the relaxation amino acid’, is found in green tea, black tea, white and matcha green teas
Certain amino acids found in foods can help with sleep by nourishing the nervous system.
One of those being closely studied right now is L-theanine, dubbed ‘the relaxation amino acid’ and found in green tea, black tea, white and matcha green teas.
L-theanine is an amino acid found to enhance sleep and also help reduce anxiety in a growing number of scientific papers.
A 2008 study in Asia Pacific Journal of Nutrition examined the brain activity of healthy adults after they consumed L-theanine and found it increased alpha brainwave activity.
Alpha waves are brainwaves that promote relaxation. 400mg of L-theanine taken as a supplement has also been found to help sleep quality in young boys with ADHD.
In a randomised, placebo-controlled study published in Alternative Medicine Review in December 2011, 98 boys aged 8-12 were given 400mg of L-theanine daily for six weeks.
Their ADHD-related disturbances in sleep appeared to be reduced.
What’s more, a significant improvement in sleep efficiency (that means more time asleep relative to awake) and movement during sleep was also observed in the boys during the study.
CHAMOMILE
The health benefits of humble chamomile tea have been shown to be wide-ranging, from anti-inflammatory properties to wound healing, anti-diabetes and even benefits to the common cold and cardiovascular health.

It’s best known for its effect on sleep and that’s not without some great evidence, thanks to a flavonoid it contains called apigenin and that has anti-anxiety properties.
It binds to receptors in the brain that increase levels of GABA, a neurotransmitter that can have a calming and sedative effect.’
In a fascinating though small study, ten cardiac patients fell into a deep sleep for 90 minutes after drinking chamomile tea and it has been shown in another study on sleep disturbed rats to have hypnotic effects.
What’s also interesting to note is that the inhalation of chamomile as an essential oil could also help calm you down before bed.
In one study, inhaling chamomile powder decreased blood levels of ACTH in overactive rats. ACTH is a substance that stimulates levels of the stress hormone cortisol. So it’s not just your granny’s old wive’s tale after all.
CINNAMON

Cinnamon nourishes the nervous system by calming the blood sugar levels.
Indeed, repeated research has shown it can even help lower the blood sugar levels of type 2 diabetics.
This is important from an insomnia perspective because often if you find yourself waking up in the small hours, it could be down to blood sugar spikes that subsequently wake you up as your blood sugar drops.
A small bowl of porridge with cinnamon before bed or even a little cinnamon in some chamomile tea could make early morning waking easier.
GINGER

Ginger calms the stomach, via a chemical ingredient called gingerol which helps with stomach contractions.
It also relaxes the system generally and is also a good circulatory tonic.
One randomised controlled study published in the journal Complementary Therapies in Medicine looked at the effects of taking a supplement containing ginger and showed that it reduced the time it took for insomniacs to fall asleep.
Ginger is a great overall tonic for the nervous system too.
A 2010 study published in the journal Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry found that ginger might bind to the brain’s serotonin receptor which could have a calming effect on anxiety.
Serotonin is the brain’s feel good neurotransmitter.
LIQUORICE
Liquorice is known by people that study botanical medicine as an adrenal gland tonic – which are responsible for the release of stress hormones.
Liquorice is known by people that study botanical medicine as an adrenal gland tonic – which are responsible for the release of stress hormones.
Liquorice has long been used by naturopaths as a herbal medicine for depression and anxiety.
Liquorice is known by people that study botanical medicine as an adrenal gland tonic.
Your adrenal glands are responsible for the release of stress hormones and a busy high-pressure lifestyle can quickly leave them depleted, causing anxiety and depression.
Adrenal tonic herbs or plants help to nourish the adrenals and calm a frazzled system.
Be careful that you don’t take too much liquourice though as it can promote energy production as well.
But research conducted on mice in 2012 published in the journal Bioorganic Medicine and Chemistry found that the active ingredient in liquorice called gabrol, a flavonoid, could help bind to GABA receptors in the brain which stimulate relaxing alpha waves and led to the mice in the study getting deeper and longer sleep.
PASSIONFRUIT
Another favourite is passion flower or passionfruit, this has had a lot of traditional use over time for calming the nervous system.
Passionfruit and passionflower contain a compound called harman that has a hypnotic and sedative effect which has been shown to help insomnia and anxiety.
It’s also been shown to help decrease anxiety and the quality and depth of sleep.
LUCUMA
This South American sub-tropical fruit is literally jam-packed with nutrients.
Good news is, the powdered form tastes quite sweet, a little like maple, so can be used as a natural sweetener.
Even better, it balances blood sugar instead of spiking it – as sugar does – because it has a low Glycaemic Index (GI).
Having a low GI means it could help balance blood sugar before bed.
This is important because if you eat foods with a high GI before bed – this includes white pasta, rice and bread – you could, end up with spiking sugar levels in the middle of the night, which can lead to waking up with a start and not being able to get back to sleep.
Interestingly, a 2014 study published in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology found that lucuma oil applied topically could potentially help with wound healing. sleep
BAOBAB SLEEP
Baobab is a rich source of vitamin C, potassium and B complex vitamins, Mr Hay claims
Baobab is a rich source of vitamin C, potassium and B complex vitamins, Mr Hay claims
Like citrus, baobab is a rich source of vitamin C, potassium and B complex vitamins.
Because B vitamins are so important for the healthy functioning of the nervous system, a lack of them can cause problems including insomnia as well as depression.
Potassium is helpful to help you stay asleep, research suggests.
One study, published in the journal Cell in 2015 found that potassium could help regulate the body’s sleep/wake cycle, also known as circadian rhythm, which ensures we fall asleep and wake up when we when we need to.
LEMON, LIME AND BLOOD ORANGE
Lemon, lime and blood orange are rich in vitamin C.
This isn’t just just an immune booster but also nourishes the adrenal glands.
When you nourish your adrenal glands the system calms down which can help with the anxiety and stress that can cause insomnia.
Studies have also shown that a lack of vitamin C could contribute to sleep loss.
This article originally appeared on and has been reproduced with the permission of Healthista.